Ma'ajiyar makamashi ta C&I tana ɗaukar wutar lantarki daga tushen sabuntawa ko grid a cikin ƙananan lokutan buƙatu da fitar da ita lokacin da kasuwancin ke buƙatar ƙarfi. Tsarin ya dogara ne da batir lithium{2} ion da aka haɗa tare da tsarin jujjuya wutar lantarki waɗanda ke canza halin yanzu kai tsaye zuwa madafan iko mai amfani, haɗin kai ta software mai sarrafa hankali wanda ke haɓaka hawan keke bisa ainihin farashin wutar lantarki na lokaci{3} da tsarin buƙatun kayan aiki.
The Core Operating Mechanism
A kafuwarta, ma'ajiyar makamashin c&i tana aiki ta hanyar ci gaba da zagayowar zagayowar caji da kayan masarufi masu haɗin gwiwa da software ke gudanarwa. Lokacin da farashin wutar lantarki ya ragu a lokacin -kololuwar sa'o'i{3}yawanci tsakanin 10 na dare zuwa 6 na safe{6} tsarin yana jan wuta ta atomatik daga grid ko kuma ya ɗauki wuce gona da iri daga kan shafin yanar gizo na solar panels. Kwayoyin baturi suna adana wannan makamashi ta hanyar lantarki, tare da fasahar lithium - ion da ke mamaye kasuwa saboda tsawon rayuwar sa 8,{11}} da zurfin iya fitarwa 95%.
Sihiri yana faruwa ne a lokacin lokacin buƙatu kololuwa. Yayin da kayan aiki ke ɗaukar hawan sama da hauhawar wutar lantarki, Tsarin Canjin Wuta yana jujjuya kwararar makamashi. Yana juyar da wutar lantarki ta DC da aka adana baya zuwa wutar lantarki ta AC a daidai ƙarfin lantarki da mitar da kayan kasuwanci ke buƙata. Wannan tsarin fitarwa yawanci yana kunna lokacin da wutar lantarki ya wuce ƙayyadaddun farashin farashi ko lokacin da buƙatun kayan aiki ya kusanci matakan da zai haifar da cajin buƙata mai tsada.
Tsarin zamani yana aiwatar da wannan rawa ba tare da sa hannun ɗan adam ba. Tsarukan Gudanar da Makamashi suna ci gaba da nazarin rafukan bayanai guda uku: na gaske{1}}arfin kayan aiki, farashin wutar lantarki na yanzu, da yanayin cajin baturi. Algorithms na koyon inji suna hasashen tsarin amfani bisa bayanan tarihi, hasashen yanayi, da jadawalin aiki. Kamfanin masana'anta da ke tafiyar da canje-canjen samarwa biyu, alal misali, yana ganin tsarin sa yana caji ta atomatik a cikin sa'o'in dare kuma yana fitarwa cikin dabara yayin taga kololuwar 2 PM zuwa 7 PM lokacin da cajin buƙata ya taru.
Gine-ginen Adana Baturi
Zuciyar jiki ta kowane tsarin ajiyar makamashi na c&i ya ƙunshi raƙuman batir yana ɗaukar ɗaruruwan sel guda ɗaya. Yawancin shigarwar kasuwanci suna tura lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) sunadarai maimakon daidaitattun lithium - bambance-bambancen ion. Wannan zaɓin yana nuna fifikon aminci - Kwayoyin LiFePO4 suna nuna ingantaccen yanayin zafi kuma kusan kawar da haɗarin zafi da ke addabar sauran fasahar lithium.
Matsakaicin 250 kWh na yau da kullun ya ƙunshi nau'ikan baturi 16, kowane rukunin gidaje 148 Ah sel wanda aka shirya don isar da ƙarfin lantarki na 38.4V. Waɗannan samfuran ba sa aiki da kansu. Tsarin Gudanar da Baturi yana lura da ƙarfin kowace tantanin halitta, zane na yanzu, da zafin jiki ta dubban firikwensin karantawa a cikin daƙiƙa guda. Lokacin da ƙarfin lantarki ya bambanta{7}}wanda ba makawa kamar shekarun batura{8}}BMS yana kunna daidaita da'irori waɗanda ke daidaita matakan caji a duk jeri.
Gudanar da yanayin zafi yana raba tsarin aiki daga gazawa. Batura suna aiki da kyau tsakanin digiri 15 da digiri 35. A wajen wannan kewayon, ƙarfin yana faɗuwa da raguwa yana ƙaruwa. Iska -tsari masu sanyaya aiki don shigarwa ƙasa da 500kWh, yana yaɗa iska mai sanyi ta cikin kabad ɗin baturi ta amfani da madaidaicin fansa masu saurin zafi waɗanda ke amsa na'urori masu auna zafi. Manyan wurare suna amfani da sanyaya ruwa, yin famfo gaurayawan glycol ta faranti masu sanyi waɗanda ke haɗe kai tsaye zuwa na'urorin baturi. Shigar da sito na MWh 2 a California ya ba da rahoton amfani da tsarin sanyaya makamashi a kashi 3% na jimlar ƙarfin ajiya{12}} ciniki mai dacewa don tsawaita rayuwar baturi daga shekaru 10 zuwa 15.
Ƙunshewar wuta yana wakiltar maƙasudin aminci na ƙarshe. Kayan ajiyar makamashi na zamani na c&i suna haɗa tsarin kashe gobarar aerosol waɗanda ke kunna cikin daƙiƙa uku na gano hayaki ko ƙarancin zafin jiki. Waɗannan tsarin sun kai kusan $15,000 a kowace majalisar ministoci amma suna kawar da buƙatar gini mai tsada{4}} gyare-gyare mai fa'ida wanda zai iya ƙara $200,{6}} ga farashin aikin.
An Bayyana Tsarin Canjin Wuta
Tsarin Canza Wuta yana aiki azaman mai shiga tsakani tsakanin ajiyar baturin DC da lodin kayan aikin AC. A cikin kowace majalisar PCS suna zama inverter modules dauke da insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) waɗanda ke canza DC halin yanzu dubbai a cikin sakan daya, ƙirƙirar siginar igiyar AC. Tsarukan ƙarshe{{2}maɗaukaki suna samun ingantacciyar juzu'i 97% a dukkan kwatance biyu, ma'ana kashi 3% na makamashi ke bazuwa azaman zafi yayin canji.
Bi{0}ikon shugabanci yana ma'anar gine-ginen PCS na zamani. Kayan aikin da ke juyar da grid AC zuwa baturi DC yayin caji yana jujjuya aikin sa don zagayowar fitarwa. Wannan ƙira yana rage farashin kayan aiki da sawun jiki idan aka kwatanta da rabe-raben gyarawa da raka'a inverter. PCS 500 kW ya mamaye kusan murabba'in murabba'in mita 2 na sararin bene kuma yana auna kilogiram 800{7}}karami isa don shigarwa a yawancin dakunan lantarki.
Aiki tare na grid yana buƙatar madaidaicin iko. Kafin haɗawa da kayan aiki, PCS dole ne ya dace da girman ƙarfin wutar lantarki tsakanin 1%, mita tsakanin 0.1 Hz, da kusurwar lokaci tsakanin digiri 5. Tsarukan zamani suna cim ma wannan aiki tare cikin ƙasa da miliyon 100, suna ba da damar jujjuyawar wutar lantarki mara sumul yayin gazawar grid. Lokacin da mai amfani ya faɗi ƙasa, PCS yana gano rugujewar wutar lantarki, yana cire haɗin daga grid ta hanyar canja wuri ta atomatik, kuma ya sake{7}} yana kafa iko zuwa manyan lodi kafin yawancin kayan aiki suyi rijistar katsewa.
Harmonic hargitsi al'amura don ingancin iko. Inverter da aka ƙera mara kyau suna cusa igiyoyin jituwa cikin wayoyi na wurin, yana haifar da injunan injina su yi zafi da na'urorin lantarki masu mahimmanci ga rashin aiki. Ingantattun raka'o'in PCS suna kula da jimillar murdiya mai jituwa ƙasa da 3%, daidaitawa ko ƙetare ingancin wutar lantarki. Suna cim ma wannan ta hanyar ci-gaban canza algorithms da madaidaitan matakan inverter topologies waɗanda ke haifar da kusancin AC mai santsi.
Fasahar Gudanar da Makamashi
EMS yana aiki azaman kwakwalwar aiki, yana fassara manufofin kasuwanci zuwa lokaci{0}}ta{1}} yanke shawarar sarrafa lokaci. A 5{5} tazara na biyu, tsarin yana kimanta ko za'a yi caji, fitarwa, ko rashin aiki da baturin bisa tsarin fifiko. Gudanar da cajin buƙatu yawanci yana matsayi mafi girma - guje wa kololuwar minti 15 guda ɗaya na iya adana $3,000 zuwa $8,000 kowane wata akan kuɗin kayan aiki.
Algorithms na hasashen sun bambanta tsarin adana makamashi na c&i na ci gaba daga aiwatarwa na asali. Maimakon mayar da martani ga buƙatun buƙatun bayan sun faru, ƙirar tsinkaya suna tsammanin su sa'o'i a gaba. Cibiyar bayanai a Texas tana amfani da hasashen yanayi don hasashen yanayin sanyaya, kafin{2}} batura masu caji lokacin da bayanan yanayin yanayi ke nuna yanayin zafin rana zai wuce digiri 95 F. Wannan ingantaccen tsarin ya sami ƙarin 8% na ajiyar cajin buƙata idan aka kwatanta da dabarun sarrafa amsawa.
Lokaci{0}}na{1}} inganta amfani yana ƙara wani Layer na tanadi. EMS na adana jadawalin farashin wutar lantarki na awanni 24 masu zuwa-48, sannan yana ƙididdige mafi kyawun caji{7}} windows na fitarwa. Lokacin da farashin ke canzawa da kashi 400 cikin 100 tsakanin lokacin -koloniya da mafi girma{9}}lokaci (na kowa a kasuwannin California), har ma da sassauƙan sasantawa yana haifar da sakamako mai yawa. Ɗaya daga cikin masana'antun masana'antu ya ba da rahoton tanadin dala 47,000 na shekara-shekara daga daidaitawar farashi kaɗai, daban da rage cajin buƙata.
Haɗin kai tare da haɓakar sabuntawa yana buƙatar daidaitawa tsakanin hanyoyin samar da makamashi da yawa. Lokacin da samar da hasken rana ya zarce nauyin kayan aiki, EMS yana jagorantar tsarar ragi zuwa ajiyar baturi maimakon fitarwa zuwa grid akan ƙimar da ba ta dace ba. Kamar yadda fitowar hasken rana ke raguwa da yammacin rana - daidai lokacin da wutar lantarki ta zama mafi tsada{3}} tsarin yana canzawa a hankali zuwa fitarwar baturi. Wannan girman kai{5}}arancin amfani ya karu da ROI na hasken rana da kashi 34% a ginin kasuwanci ɗaya, yana rage biyan kuɗi daga shekaru 8.5 zuwa 5.7.
Makanikan Aske Kololuwa
Abubuwan da ake nema suna azabtar da wurare don mafi girman amfani da wutar lantarki na mintuna 15 yayin kowane lokacin biyan kuɗi. Farkon kayan aiki guda ɗaya wanda ke tura buƙatu daga 800 kW zuwa 1,100 kW na mintuna 15 kacal zai iya ƙara $12,000 zuwa lissafin wannan watan a farashin buƙatun $40/kW. Adana makamashi na C&I yana kawar da waɗannan kololuwar tsada ta hanyar fitar da dabaru.
Tsarin yana farawa tare da kafa manufar buƙatu - yawanci 85% na matsakaicin matsakaicin buƙatun tarihi. Lokacin amfani da kayan aiki ya kusanci wannan madaidaicin, EMS yana ba da umarnin fitar da baturi don samar da ƙarin ƙarfin da ake buƙata sama da manufa. Aikin walda wanda zana 950 kW zai iya ganin baturin yana ba da gudummawar 150 kW, yana iyakance shigo da grid zuwa 800 kW. Kayan aikin ba shi da wani tasiri na aiki; duk kayan aiki suna karɓar ƙarfin da ake buƙata, kawai an samo su daga cakuda grid da baturi.
Ayyukan aiwatarwa na ainihi{0} duniya suna nuna gagarumin tasirin kuɗi. Wani babban masana'anta a tsakiyar yamma ya shigar da tsarin 5MW/10MWh yana fuskantar cajin buƙatun kowane wata wanda ya wuce $50,000. Post{6}}Binciken shigarwa ya nuna raguwar cajin buƙatu kashi 35%, ana fassarawa zuwa $500,{9}} tanadi na shekara-shekara. Tare da jimlar kuɗin aikin na dala miliyan 2.8 da kuma samun abubuwan ƙarfafawa waɗanda ke rufe dala 600,000, wurin ya sami lokacin biya na shekaru 4.4.
Dabarar tana buƙatar ingantaccen hasashen kaya. Na'urorin sa ido kan wutar lantarki suna zana kowane daƙiƙa guda, suna kwatanta yanayin halin yanzu da tsarin tarihi. Lokacin da adadin ƙarar lodi ya nuna kusantar ƙetare iyakar buƙatu, baturin zai fara fitarwa da gangan. Wannan tsarin da ake jira yana tabbatar da inganci fiye da sarrafawar amsawa kawai, yana rage buƙatu kololuwa da ƙarin 8-12% bisa ga binciken filin.
Haɗin Makamashi Mai Sabuntawa
Haɗa ajiyar makamashin c&i tare da tsarin hasken rana yana haifar da haɗin gwiwar aiki wanda ke haɓaka ƙimar dukiyoyin biyu. Ƙarfafan hasken rana yana yin kololuwar tsakar rana lokacin da yawancin wurare suka sami matsakaicin nauyi, wanda ke haifar da raguwa ko ƙaramar fitar da grid mai ƙarancin ƙima. Adana baturi yana ɗaukar wannan rarar samarwa don amfani yayin kololuwar maraice lokacin da hasken rana ya ragu zuwa sifili amma ana ci gaba da ayyukan kayan aiki.
Ilimin tattalin arziki ya zama mai tursasawa ga wuraren aiki tare da manyan kaya na kwana{0}. Wurin ajiyar sanyi mai aiki 24/7 na iya samar da 2,000 kWh na wuce haddi na hasken rana tsakanin 10 na safe zuwa 2 na rana kowace rana. Ba tare da ajiya ba, wannan makamashi yana fitarwa zuwa grid a $0.03/kWh farashin farashi. Ta hanyar adana shi don fitarwa a lokutan 6 na yamma zuwa 9 na yamma lokacin da farashin dillalan ya kai $0.32/kWh, wurin yana ɗaukar ƙarin ƙimar $0.29/kWh{15}}$580 kowace rana ko $212,000 kowace shekara don wannan 2MWh kowace rana.
Ajiye kuma yana magance ƙalubalen tsaka-tsakin rana. Murfin gajimare na iya rage fitowar hasken rana da kashi 80 cikin daƙiƙa, yana tilasta shigo da grid cikin sauri wanda ke damuwa da kayan aikin lantarki. Tsarin baturi yana adana waɗannan sauye-sauye, yana kiyaye isar da wutar lantarki na kayan aiki ba tare da la'akari da yanayin yanayi ba. Wannan ikon sassauƙa yana rage juzu'in wutar lantarki kuma yana tsawaita rayuwar kayan aiki{4}} fa'idodin da ba kasafai ake ƙididdige su ba amma na zahiri.
Haɓaka girman girman yana buƙatar bincike a hankali na duka bayanan samar da hasken rana da maƙallan kayan aiki. Ma'ajiyar da ba ta da girma ta kasa ɗaukar duk wani ragi mai mahimmanci na hasken rana. Manyan tsare-tsare suna ɗaukar farashin babban birnin da ba dole ba. Cikakkun ƙirar ƙirar ƙira yawanci yana bayyana mafi kyawun ƙarfin ajiya tsakanin sa'o'i 1.5 zuwa 3.0 na ƙarfin tsararrun suna don yawancin aikace-aikacen kasuwanci.
Ainihin {{0}Misali Aiki na Lokaci
Yi la'akari da sito na rarraba aiki daga 6 AM zuwa 10 PM tare da matsakaicin nauyin 800 kW da 1,200 kW mafi girma bukatar. Wurin yana da tsararrun rufin rufin hasken rana mai nauyin 500 kW da tsarin ajiyar makamashi 1 MW / 2 MWh c&i. Ga yadda rana ta yau da kullun ke buɗewa:
6:00 na safe: Solar ta fara samarwa yayin da wurin ya fara aiki. Baturi ya kasance a matsayin kashi 90% na caji daga cajin dare a $0.06/kWh a kashe- ƙimar kololuwa. lodin safiya suna zana da farko daga hasken rana da wutar lantarki.
9:00 na safeSakamakon hasken rana ya kai 450 kW yayin da kayan aiki yana zaune a 650 kW. Rashin 200 kW ya fito ne daga grid. Fitar baturi ya kasance a kashe saboda farashin wutar lantarki na yanzu ($0.11/kWh) bai ketare iyakar fitarwa ba.
12:30 PM: Kololuwar samar da hasken rana ya kai 485 kW, wanda ya wuce nauyin kayan aikin 420 kW. EMS yana jagorantar rarar 65 kW zuwa ajiyar baturi maimakon fitarwar grid. SOC baturi yana hawa daga 88% zuwa 92% cikin sa'o'i biyu masu zuwa.
3:15 PMNauyin kayan aiki yana ƙaruwa zuwa 950 kW yayin da ayyukan jigilar kayayyaki ke ƙaruwa. Fitar da hasken rana ya ragu zuwa 290 kW. Wutar lantarki ta shiga akan{4}}farashin mafi girma a $0.28/kWh. Baturin ya fara fitarwa a 400 kW, yana iyakance shigo da grid zuwa 260 kW da buƙatun kayan aikin da ke ƙasa da kololuwar tarihi.
6:00 PM: Yawan fitowar hasken rana yana raguwa zuwa 50 kW yayin da rana ta faɗi. Nauyin kayan aiki ya kasance mai girma a 880 kW. Fitar da baturi yana ƙaruwa zuwa 600 kW don kula da iyakar buƙatar 280 kW. Shigowar grid yana ƙara ƙarin buƙatun wutar lantarki.
8:30 PM: SOC baturi ya kai kashi 25%, yana haifar da raguwar fitarwa don adana tanadi don yuwuwar katsewar grid. Wurin yana karɓar ƙaramar shigo da grid don sauran sa'o'in aiki.
10:00 PM: Ayyuka sun daina kuma nauyin kayan aiki ya ragu zuwa 180 kW don hasken wuta da HVAC. Adadin wutar lantarki ya ragu zuwa-matakin kololuwa a $0.05/kWh. Baturin ya fara caji a 400 kW, yana zana daga wutar lantarki mai arha don dawo da cikakken ƙarfi da safe.
Wannan zagayowar sa'o'i 24 - ya rage yawan buƙatu daga 1,200 kW zuwa 280 kW{11}}ragi na 77% wanda ya kawar da $36,800 a cikin cajin buƙatar kowane wata. Hukuncin Makamashi ya kama ƙarin tanadi na $8,200 kowane wata ta hanyar adana arha mai arha{12}}mafi girman iko don amfani a lokacin tsadar lokaci.
Gudun Ma'amalar Bangaren
Fahimtar yadda sassan ma'ajin makamashi na c&i ke sadarwa yana bayyana basirar tsarin aiki. Gine-ginen yana bin tsarin sarrafawa mai matsayi tare da bayanan da ke gudana bidirectional tsakanin yadudduka.
A ginshiƙi, firikwensin salula na baturi suna aika da ƙarfin lantarki, halin yanzu, da bayanan zafin jiki zuwa ƙa'idar{0}}matakin BMS masu sarrafa kowane miliyon 200. Waɗannan masu kula da tsarin suna tattara bayanai daga yawanci sel 14-16, suna yin ayyukan daidaitawa na gida da duban aminci. Idan kowane irin ƙarfin lantarkin tantanin halitta ya wuce sigogi masu aminci, ƙirar BMS na iya kashe wannan tsarin a cikin gida ba tare da ma'aikatan tsarin ba ko da sanin matsala ta faru.
Ƙungiyoyin BMS na Module suna ba da rahoto zuwa ga rack{0}}Tsarin Gudanar da Batir, wanda ke kula da nau'o'i 8-16 a kowace taragon. Rack BMS yana ƙididdige yanayin caji gabaɗaya, yanayin lafiya, da ikon da ake samu bisa yanayin mafi rauni. Yana ƙayyade amintaccen caji da iyakoki na fitarwa, wanda zai iya bambanta cikin kowane zagayowar yayin da sel suka tsufa daban.
Tsarin Canjin Wuta yana karɓar waɗannan iyakoki daga rack BMS kuma yana fassara su zuwa iyakoki masu iya aiki. Idan BMS ya ba da rahoton iyakar amintaccen fitarwa na yanzu na 800 amps, PCS yana tabbatar da fitarwar inverter baya wuce wannan madaidaicin ko da kuwa buƙatun kayan aiki. Wannan kariyar tana hana lalacewar baturi wanda zai lalata tsarin tsawon rai.
A koli yana zaune Tsarin Gudanar da Makamashi, wanda ke sadarwa tare da duka PCS da BMS. EMS yana nazarin buƙatar ƙarfin kayan aiki, farashin wutar lantarki, da tsarar rana (idan akwai), sannan yana ƙididdige mafi kyawun aika baturi. Yana ba da umarnin wuta ga PCS a cikin 5{6}} tazara na biyu: "Caji a 300 kW" ko "Fitar a 450 kW." PCS tana aiwatar da waɗannan umarni yayin mutunta iyakokin aminci da BMS ke bayarwa.
Tsarin waje kuma yana ciyar da bayanai zuwa EMS. APIs masu hasashen yanayi suna ba da hasashen yanayin zafi da hasken rana. Lokacin amfani -na{3}}amfani da jadawalin loda ta atomatik. Tsarukan sarrafa ginin kayan aiki suna ba da rahoton sauye-sauyen aiki masu zuwa{5}}arshen aikin da aka tsara ko rufewar karshen mako. Wannan bambance-bambancen bayanai yana ba da damar ingantaccen haɓakawa mai yuwuwa tare da keɓantaccen tsarin sarrafawa.
Abubuwan Kulawa da Tsawon Rayuwa
Lalacewar baturi yana wakiltar babban damuwa na aiki don tsarin ajiyar makamashi na c&i. Kwayoyin lithium{1} ion babu makawa sun rasa ƙarfi ta hanyar maimaita caji{2}}zargin zagayowar, tare da raguwar ƙimar yanayin aiki. Tsarukan da aka sarrafa da kyau suna kula da kashi 80% na iya aiki na asali bayan 4,000{8}}6,000 masu zurfin hawan keke, suna fassara zuwa tsawon rayuwar aiki na shekaru 10-15.
Ikon zafin jiki ya fi tasiri tasiri tsawon rayuwar baturi. Kowane girman digiri 10 sama da mafi kyawun kewayo yana ninka ƙimar lalacewa. Baturin da ke ci gaba da aiki a digiri 45 na iya kaiwa ƙarshen rayuwa a cikin shekaru 6 kacal, yayin da irin kayan aikin da aka kiyaye a digiri 25 ya wuce shekaru 14. Wannan yanayin zafin jiki yana bayanin dalilin da yasa tsarin sanyaya ruwa, duk da hauhawar farashin farko, yana tabbatar da tattalin arziƙi don manyan shigarwa.
Zurfin hawan keke yana rinjayar iyawa ta hanyar da ba - . Cikakken zurfin{2}}na - hawan keke (100% zuwa 0%) yana jaddada sel sosai fiye da keken keke. Baturin da aka yi keke tsakanin 90% da 10% SOC yana samun kusan zagayowar 5,000 kafin ya kai iya aiki 80%. Wannan baturi guda da aka yi keke tsakanin 80% da 20% SOC na iya cimma zagayowar 12,000{17}}arin 140% a rayuwa mai amfani. Tsarukan EMS masu hankali don haka sun fi son yin keken keke na yanki lokacin da buƙatun aiki suka ba da izini.
tsufa kalanda yana faruwa ko da ba tare da yin keke ba. Batura suna raguwa sannu a hankali yayin da suke zaune ba aiki saboda halayen sinadarai na ciki. Wannan ɓacin rai yana haɓaka a babban yanayin caji{2}} ajiyar batura a 100% SOC yana ƙasƙantar da su cikin sauri fiye da kiyaye 50% SOC. Koyaya, aikace-aikacen kasuwanci waɗanda ke buƙatar ikon wariyar ajiya dole ne su daidaita haɓaka tsawon rayuwa tare da buƙatun shirye-shirye.
Kulawa da inverter yana tabbatar da kadan kadan. Masoyan sanyaya suna buƙatar maye gurbin kowace shekara 3{10}} a $800-1,500 kowace raka'a. Capacitors suna da iyakacin rayuwa na shekaru 10-12 kuma farashin $3,000-5,000 don maye gurbin kowane PCS na yau da kullun. In ba haka ba, ƙarfin lantarki mai ƙarfi na jihohi yana nuna ingantaccen abin dogaro, tare da matsakaicin lokaci tsakanin gazawar da ta wuce shekaru 20 don ingantaccen abubuwan haɗin gwiwa.
EMS da BMS suna buƙatar kulawa da software da farko. Sabunta firmware suna zuwa kwata-kwata, suna haɗa ingantattun algorithms da gyaran kwaro. Haɗin nesa yana ba da damar waɗannan ɗaukakawa ba tare da ziyartar rukunin yanar gizo ba, yana rage yawan kulawa. Wata ƙungiyar sarrafa kayan aiki ta ba da rahoton kashe ƙasa da sa'o'i 8 a shekara kan kula da tsarin adana makamashi na yau da kullun na c&i bayan shekarar farko ta aiki.
Ma'aunin Ayyukan Tattalin Arziƙi
Dawowar kuɗi daga ajiyar makamashi na c&i ta samo asali ne daga rafukan ƙima da yawa waɗanda ke haɓaka tsawon tsarin rayuwa. Rage cajin buƙatu yawanci yana ba da fa'ida mafi girma guda ɗaya, musamman a yankuna inda cajin buƙata ya ƙunshi kashi 30-70% na jimlar farashin wutar lantarki. Wurin da ke biyan $35/kW cajin buƙatun kowane wata na iya samun $420/kW tanadi na shekara-shekara a kowace kilowatt na rage kololuwar da aka samu.
Hukunci na makamashi yana ba da gudummawar ƙarin ƙima ta hanyar amfani da lokaci{0}}na{1}} bambance-bambancen ƙimar amfani. Kasuwanni masu ${3}} suna bazuwa tsakanin kololuwa da kashewa{4}}mafi girman wutar lantarki yana ba da damar dawowa mai ma'ana. Tsarin 1 MWh yana aiwatar da zagayowar caji guda ɗaya kowace rana{7}} yana ɗaukar kusan $73,000 kowace shekara a $0.20/kWh (ƙididdigar 97% zagaye-ingantacciyar tafiya). Wannan yana ɗaukar kwanaki 250 na aiki, yana ba da izinin kiyayewa da ƙananan lokutan yadawa.
Ƙimar ƙarfin Ajiyayyen yana tabbatar da wahalar ƙididdigewa amma ta zahiri yana rage haɗarin katsewar kasuwanci. Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka ta ƙiyasta kashe kuɗin kasuwanci tsakanin $15 zuwa $150 a kowace kilowatt{5}}awa na kaya mara amfani, ya bambanta sosai ta nau'in kayan aiki. Mahimman ayyuka kamar cibiyoyin bayanai ko masana'antu tare da aiki mai tsada{7}}a cikin-ƙirar ci gaba ta faɗi zuwa ƙarshen wannan kewayon.
Jimlar farashin aikin ya ragu sosai yayin da kasuwa ta girma. Juya{1} maɓalli c&i ma'ajiyar makamashi a halin yanzu farashin $600-900 akan kowace kWh don tsarin sama da ƙarfin 500kWh. Wannan ya haɗa da batura, inverters, EMS, shigarwa, da ƙaddamarwa. Ƙananan tsarin da ke ƙasa da 200 kWh na iya wuce $1,200/kWh saboda ƙayyadaddun aikin injiniya da ba da izini ya bazu cikin ƙasa da ƙarfi.
Abubuwan ƙarfafawa da ke akwai suna inganta tattalin arziki sosai a yankuna da yawa. Shirin Kai na California{1}Shirin Ƙarfafa Ƙarni yana ba da $200/kWh don tsarin lithium{3}}, wanda ke ɗaukar kashi 22-33% na jimlar farashin aikin. Ƙididdigar harajin saka hannun jari na tarayya a 30% ana amfani da su lokacin da aka haɗa nau'ikan ajiya tare da tsarar rana. Massachusetts yana ba da biyan kuɗi na rage cajin buƙatu. Haɗin abubuwan ƙarfafawa na iya rage farashin aikin da kashi 40-60% a cikin kasuwanni masu dacewa.
Yawancin lokutan dawowar kuɗi sun bambanta daga shekaru 3 zuwa 7 dangane da ƙimar wutar lantarki, hawan aiki, da abubuwan ƙarfafawa. Wuraren da ke da manyan cajin buƙatu da manyan kololuwa/kashe{3}}masu ƙima suna samun sakamako mafi sauri. Asibiti ɗaya a Massachusetts ya ba da rahoton dawowar shekaru 3.2 akan tsarin 750 kWh bayan abubuwan ƙarfafawa, da farko ta hanyar kawar da cajin buƙatu wanda ya ceci $83,000 kowace shekara.
Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi
Yaya tsawon lokacin ajiyar makamashi na C&I ke ɗauka don shigarwa?
Lokutan shigarwa sun bambanta daga makonni 4 zuwa 12 dangane da girman tsarin da sarkar rukunin yanar gizo. Tsarin 250 kWh a cikin ɗakin lantarki da ke akwai yawanci yana buƙatar makonni 3{6}} daga bayarwa zuwa ƙaddamarwa. Manya-manyan tsarin megawatt masu yawa- tare da wuraren da aka ɗora kumfa a waje na iya buƙatar makonni 8-12 don kammala aikin tushe, shigar da kayan aiki, amincewar haɗin kai, da gwajin tsarin. Izinin yana ƙara makonni 2-6 kafin fara shigarwa ta jiki.
Shin wuraren da ake da su na iya sake fasalin tsarin ajiyar makamashi?
Yawancin wuraren kasuwanci na iya ɗaukar gyare-gyare idan suna da isasshen sararin ɗakin lantarki da ƙarfin sabis na lantarki. Tsarin yana buƙatar kusan ƙafar murabba'in 15-25 a cikin 100 kWh na ƙarfin ajiya, gami da sharewa. Haɗin wutar lantarki yana nuni zuwa babban sashin rarraba kayan aikin ko mita mai amfani dole ne ya goyi bayan iyakar caji/ikon fitarwa na tsarin. Ƙimar rukunin ƙwararru yawanci yana gano kowane ƙuntatawa da gyare-gyare da ake buƙata a cikin sa'o'i 2-3.
Me ke faruwa a lokacin katsewar wutar lantarki?
Yayin gazawar grid, tsarin yana gano asarar wutar lantarki a cikin miliyon 16 kuma yana aiwatar da jerin canja wuri ta atomatik. PCS yana cire haɗin daga grid ta hanyar keɓance masu tuntuɓar, sannan ya sake - yana ƙarfafa kayan aiki masu mahimmanci ta amfani da ƙarfin baturi a cikin miliyon 100{4}} cikin sauri wanda yawancin kayan aiki ba sa samun matsala. Tsarin yana ci gaba da samar da wuta har sai an ajiye baturi. Tsawon lokacin ajiyewa ya dogara da nauyin kayan aiki da ƙarfin baturi; tsarin 500 kWh yana tallafawa 100 kW na nauyin nauyi yana ba da sa'o'i 4-5 na lokacin gudu.
Ta yaya tsarin ke tafiyar da tauyewar rana?
Lokacin da samar da hasken rana ya zarce nauyin kayan aiki da ƙarfin cajin baturi, EMS na aiwatar da dabarun ragewa dangane da inganta tattalin arziki. Idan yarjejeniyar haɗin kai mai amfani ta hana fitarwar grid, tsarin yana rage fitarwar inverter na hasken rana don dacewa da samuwa. Idan an ba da izinin fitarwar grid amma rashin tattalin arziƙi, batura suna caji a matsakaicin ƙima yayin da tsararru da yawa ke fitarwa akan ƙimar da ake samu. Wasu tsarin kuma na iya kunna kayan aiki na hankali kamar pre{3}} sanyaya ko dumama ruwa don amfani da rarar makamashin hasken rana yadda ya kamata.
La'akari da Girman Tsarin
Daidaitaccen tsarin ajiyar makamashi na c&i yana buƙatar yin nazarin sigogi daban-daban: ƙarfin wuta (kW), ƙarfin makamashi (kWh), da tsawon lokaci (awanni). Ƙarfin wutar lantarki yana ƙayyade yawan raguwar buƙata da tsarin ke bayarwa. Ƙarfin makamashi yana tabbatar da tsawon lokacin da isar da wutar lantarki ya dore. Tsawon lokaci yana wakiltar rabon makamashi zuwa iko.
Aikace-aikacen rage cajin buƙata suna ba da fifikon ƙarfin wuta. Idan buƙatun kayan aiki ya kai 1,500 kW amma makasudin ingantawa shine 1,000 kW, tsarin yana buƙatar mafi ƙarancin wutar lantarki 500 kW. Ƙarfin makamashi sannan ya dogara da tsawon lokacin kololuwar. Idan kololuwa yawanci suna wuce sa'o'i 2-3 kowace rana, tsarin 500 kW / 1,250 kWh (tsawon awa 2.5) yana ba da isasshen tanadi.
Lokaci{0}}na{1}}amfani da aikace-aikacen sasantawa yana jaddada ƙarfin kuzari. Kayan aiki na iya fuskantar sa'o'i 6{4} akan{13}} manyan windows suna buƙatar matsakaicin fitarwa 300 kW. Wannan yana nuna girman 300 kW / 1,800 kWh (tsawon awa 6). Koyaya, tsarin yana aiki ne kawai kwanaki 5-6 a mako-mako, yana ba da damar yin caji cikakke yayin lokutan mafi girma. Wannan sake zagayowar aikin yana hana kalandar tsufa mai alaƙa da babban yanayin caji.
Haɓaka aikace-aikacen da ke haɗa rafukan ƙima da yawa suna buƙatar nazari a hankali na buƙatun lokaci guda. Kayan aikin masana'antu na iya buƙatar 400 kW don aski mafi girma yayin canjin samarwa yayin da kuma ke son 200 kW na ikon ajiyar gaggawa na sa'o'i 4. Dole ne tsarin ya samar da matsakaicin ƙarfin wutar lantarki na 400 kW tare da aƙalla ƙarfin ƙarfin 800 kWh (200 kW × 4 hours) wanda aka tanada don aikin madadin. Wannan yana haifar da mafi ƙarancin 400 kW / 1,600 kWh girma, yana ɗaukan 800 kWh akwai don hawan keke na yau da kullun.
Zaɓin sinadarai na baturi yana rinjayar yanke shawara mai girma. Lithium iron phosphate chemistries suna jure wa 95% zurfin fitarwa, ma'ana tsarin 1,000 kWh yana ba da makamashi mai amfani 950 kWh. Lithium nickel manganese cobalt chemistries na iya iyakance zuwa 85% DoD don tsawon rai, yana rage ƙarfin aiki zuwa 850 kWh daga girman farantin suna iri ɗaya. Tsohon yana buƙatar ƙarancin ikon farantin suna don biyan buƙatun aikace-aikacen.
Ƙarfin Tsarin gaba na gaba
Fasaha masu tasowa suna faɗaɗa abin da tsarin ajiyar makamashi na c&i zai iya cimma fiye da daidaitattun aikace-aikacen yau. Haɗin wutar lantarki na zahiri yana ba da damar ajiyar kayan aiki don shiga cikin kasuwannin sabis na grid, samar da kudaden shiga ta hanyar samar da ƙa'idar mitar, tallafin wutar lantarki, da tanadin gaggawa ga masu gudanar da amfani.
Waɗannan shirye-shiryen VPP suna tara ɗaruruwan tsarin ajiya da aka rarraba cikin ikon sarrafawa waɗanda abubuwan amfani zasu iya aikawa yayin lokutan damuwa. Wurin da ke yin rajistar tsarin sa na 500 kWh na iya karɓar $3,000-8,000 kowace shekara a cikin biyan kuɗi, tare da ƙarin biyan kuɗi lokacin da aka aika da gaske. Wurin yana riƙe da ikon ƙetare, yana tabbatar da ayyuka masu mahimmanci suna ɗaukar fifiko akan alkawurran sabis na grid.
Mota{0}zuwa{1}Haɗin grid yana wakiltar wani ƙarfin haɓakawa. Yayin da jiragen ruwa na kasuwanci ke haskaka wutar lantarki, motocinsu da ke fakin sun zama kadarorin ajiyar makamashi ta hannu. Bi-Tsarin caji na kai tsaye yana ba da damar batura masu jirgi su fita zuwa cikin kayan aiki a lokacin kololuwa, sannan su yi caji na dare. Kamfanin isar da kayayyaki da motocin lantarki 20 na iya samun damar 1,600 kWh na ƙarin ƙarfin ajiya (kWh 80 kowace abin hawa) ba tare da sadaukarwar batura masu tsayayye ba.
Leken asiri na wucin gadi yana haɓaka haɓaka tsarin fiye da tsarin ƙa'idar yanzu{0}. Cibiyoyin jijiyoyi da aka horar da shekaru na bayanan aiki na kayan aiki suna hasashen kaya da farashin wutar lantarki tare da daidaito mafi girma fiye da hanyoyin hasashen na yau da kullun. Aiwatar da matukin jirgi ɗaya ya inganta tanadin cajin buƙatu da kashi 11% idan aka kwatanta da algorithm na EMS na baya, yana fitar da ƙarin ƙima daga kayan aikin da ake da su ta hanyar dabarun sarrafawa.
Ƙarfin faɗaɗa na yau da kullun yana ba da damar tsarin su daidaita yayin da buƙatun kasuwanci ke haɓaka. Maimakon wuce gona da iri na shigarwa na farko, wurare za su iya tura ƙarfin ra'ayin mazan jiya sannan su ƙara akwatunan baturi da na'urorin inverter yayin da ayyukan ke faɗaɗa. Wannan tsarin yana rage buƙatun babban jari na gaba yayin da yake kiyaye ƙima. Yawancin masana'antun yanzu suna ba da tsarin da aka ƙera don faɗaɗa filin daga 500 kWh zuwa 3+ MWh ta hanyar ƙayyadaddun abubuwan ƙari.
Haɗuwar ajiyar makamashin c&i tare da sauran tsarin kayan aiki yana haifar da ƙarin damar ingantawa. Haɗin kai tare da sarrafawar HVAC yana ba da damar sanyayawar gine-gine na farko ta amfani da ƙarancin wutar lantarki mai arha{2}, adana "sanyi" azaman ƙarfin zafi. Wannan yana rage nauyin sanyaya da rana daidai lokacin da grid ɗin wutar lantarki ya tashi. Haɗaɗɗun dabarun yin amfani da kayan aikin lantarki da adanar zafi na iya rage farashin makamashin wurin da kashi 15-25% fiye da kowace fasaha kaɗai.
Waɗannan abubuwan ci gaba suna nuni zuwa ga ingantaccen tsarin sarrafa makamashi inda c&i makamashi ke aiki azaman babban kadara mai daidaitawa. Maimakon tsarin saɓo wanda kawai ke caji da fitarwa bisa ƙayyadaddun jadawali, shigarwa na gaba za su tsara duk hanyoyin samar da makamashi mai ƙarfi{1}}ƙarar da za a iya sabuntawa, shigo da grid, ma'ajiyar gida, da kaya masu iya sarrafawa- don rage farashi yayin kiyaye fifikon aiki da tallafawa kwanciyar hankali.