Yaya Tsarin Adana Makamashin Baturi ke Aiki?

Tsarin ajiyar makamashin baturi (BESS) yana caji daga tushen wuta (grid, hasken rana, iska, ko janareta), yana adana wutar lantarki a cikin sel baturin lithium{0}ion a matsayin makamashin sinadari, kuma yana fitar da shi azaman wutar AC mai amfani lokacin da shafin ke buƙata. Gudun makamashi shine:tushen wutar lantarki → tsarin canza wutar lantarki (PCS) → rakiyar baturi → lodi ko grid, tare da tsarin sarrafa baturi (BMS) yana kare sel, tsarin sarrafa makamashi (EMS) yana yanke shawarar lokacin da za a yi caji da fitarwa, da kuma kula da zafi da kariya ta wuta yana kiyaye dukan tari a cikin iyakokin tsaro. Don ayyukan kasuwanci, masana'antu, da masu amfani, fahimtar wannan kwararar al'amura saboda kai tsaye yana tafiyar da yanke shawara mai girma, zaɓin PCS, topology mai haɗawa, da lokacin biya.

Menene Ainihin Tsarin Adana Makamashin Batir

Tsarin ajiyar makamashin baturi cikakkiyar kadara ce ta lantarki, ba fakitin baturi ɗaya ba. Yana haɗa ƙwayoyin lithium masu caji{1} ion tare da na'urorin lantarki mai ƙarfi, software mai sarrafawa, tsarin tsaro, da shingen da ake buƙata don aiki akai-akai a cikin wurin aiki ko tashar. Kwayoyin suna adana makamashi; duk wani abu yana wanzu don haka sel zasu iya yin wannan aikin lafiya, akai-akai, kuma akan umarni.

Yawancin ayyuka na tsaye a yau suna amfani da sinadarai na lithium iron phosphate (LFP). A cewar ma'aikatar makamashi ta AmurkaOfishin Lantarkida grid{0}}ma'auni na bin diddigin ajiya ta hanyarHukumar Makamashi ta Duniya, lithium - ion ya zama babban sinadari don sabon grid{1}}ƙarar ɗaure, tare da samun rabon LFP don amfani mai tsayayye saboda yanayin yanayin zafi da tsawon rayuwar sa akan matsakaicin farashi.

BESS yana yin ɗaya ko fiye na ayyuka masu zuwa:

• Yana canza makamashin hasken rana ko iska daga sa'o'in tsara zuwa lokutan amfani
• Yana rage kololuwar cajin buƙatu ta hanyar fitarwa yayin hawan kaya
• Yana ba da madaidaicin iko yayin katsewar grid
• Yana daidaita microgrid wanda ya haɗa PV, dizal, da kaya
• Yana ba da sabis na grid kamar ƙa'idar mita, goyan bayan wutar lantarki, da ƙarfin ajiyar kuɗi
• Yana goyan bayan caji mai ƙarfi{0} EV ba tare da haɓaka kayan amfani masu tsada ba

Ƙa'idar Aiki ta BESS: Gudun Makamashi a cikin Sharuɗɗan Maɗaukaki

Ka yi tunanin tsarin a matsayin hanya ɗaya {{0} sai bututun hanya biyu-. Ƙarfi yana shiga daga gefen tushe; yana samun jujjuyawa, daidaitawa, da adanawa; daga baya sai ya koma baya a tura shi zuwa lodi ko grid. Masu sarrafawa guda uku suna gudana a layi daya duk tsawon lokaci.

Karatun kwarara daga hagu zuwa dama:

• Tushen wuta(grid, PV array, wind turbine, janareta) yana ba da wutar lantarki AC ko DC.
• PCS / inverteryana gyara AC zuwa DC don yin caji, kuma yana jujjuya DC zuwa AC yayin fitarwa, yayin da yake daidaita wutar lantarki, mita, da ƙarfin amsawa.
• Rukunin baturiadana makamashin sinadarai a cikin ɗaruruwan ko dubunnan sel LFP da aka shirya a cikin kayayyaki da racks.
• BMSyana kallon kowane tantanin halitta - ƙarfin lantarki, zafin jiki, halin yanzu, yanayin caji - da tafiyar kariya kafin kowane tantanin halitta ya yi nisa a wajen amintaccen tagansa.
• EMSyana zaune sama da komai kuma yana yanke shawarar yanayin aiki: caji yanzu, fitarwa yanzu, rago, fitarwa zuwa grid, ware daga grid, bi PV, bi kaya.
• Gudanar da thermal da kariya ta wutakiyaye yanayin zafin sel kuma ya ƙunshi kowane taron zafi.
• Canja wuri, transfomer, da mitahaɗa BESS zuwa sashin kaya ko zuwa wurin mai amfani na haɗin kai.

Wannan jeri ba ya canzawa tsakanin ma'aikatar waje ta 100 kWh a bayan masana'anta da wurin kwantena na MWh 5 a tashar tashar. Abin da ke canzawa shine ajin ƙarfin lantarki, girman kowane sashi, da kuma yadda mai amfani ke bincika haɗin gwiwar.

Mataki - Ta -Mataki: Abin da ke Faruwa Lokacin Caji, Ajiye, da Fitarwa

Mataki 1. Cajin - Yana Kawo Makamashi

Cajin yana farawa lokacin da EMS ya ga dalilin yin caji: wutar lantarki ba shi da arha, tsararrun PV tana yin sama da ƙasa, ko baturin yana ƙasa da yanayin caji. PCS yana jan AC daga tushen, gyara shi zuwa DC, kuma ya tura shi cikin gefen baturi a wutar lantarki mai sarrafawa da halin yanzu. Idan tushen shine DC (tsarin hasken rana mai haɗaɗɗiyar DC{2}, alal misali), igiyoyin PV na iya ciyar da bas ɗin DC kai tsaye ta hanyar mai sauya DC/DC, guje wa zagaye ɗaya na juyawa AC/DC.

Yayin da wutar lantarki ke gudana a ciki, BMS yana tilasta iyaka. Idan kowane tantanin halitta ya kusanci iyakar ƙarfin ƙarfinsa na sama, idan ƙirar tana yin dumi, ko kuma idan daidaitawar tantanin halitta ya faɗi a baya, BMS yana rage halin yanzu ko kuma yana daina caji. Wannan shine abin da ke kiyaye tsarin LFP daga matsala sama da dubunnan zagayowar - ba kimiyyar sinadarai kaɗai ba, amma sinadarai da saka idanu sosai.

Ma'anar ƙira:dabarun caji yawanci shine inda ayyukan ke da ƙima. Wata masana'anta da ta yi watsi da lokaci{1}}na{2}}amfani da jadawalin kuɗin fito da caji a cikin sa'o'i mafi girma ta gina batir mai tsada maimakon mai riba. Dabarar EMS, ba takardar bayanan salula ba, ta yanke hukunci.

Mataki 2. Adana - Rike Makamashi Ba tare da Wulakanta Kadara ba

Da zarar electrons sun shiga, lithium ions suna zaune a gefen anode, suna shirye su koma baya lokacin da lodi ya kira. Rike jihar ba m ko da yake. BMS yana ci gaba da daidaita sel da juna, saboda a cikin dogon tarkace mafi raunin tantanin halitta yana saita ƙarfin aiki. Tantanin halitta -zuwa{4}}tallafin tantanin halitta ko da ƴan dubun millivolts na iya aske makamashin da ake amfani dashi.

Zazzabi shine sauran madaidaicin shiru. Kwayoyin lithium{1} ion suna raguwa da sauri a yanayin zafi mai yawa kuma suna rasa ƙarfi a ƙananan ƙananan. Ruwan sanyaya ya maye gurbin tilastawa - ƙirar iska a cikin C&I da kwantena masu amfani saboda yana riƙe da sel a cikin maɗaurin zafin jiki, wanda duka yana kare rayuwar zagayowar kuma yana tallafawa ƙimar C{4} mafi girma. Don zurfafa hangen nesa na abin da ke zaune a cikin tsarin al'ada, duba rugujewar Polinovel namuhimman sassa takwas na tsarin ajiyar makamashin baturi.

Ma'anar ƙira:iya aiki mai amfani ba ƙarfin farantin suna ba. A 1 MWh BESS a 90% zurfin fitarwa da 92% zagaye - ingantacciyar tafiya yana ba da kusa da 830 kWh a kowane zagaye a tashar AC. Koyaushe girman a kan makamashi mai amfani, ba farantin suna ba.

Mataki 3. Fitar da - Ƙarfafa Ƙarfi

Lokacin da EMS yayi kira don fitarwa, baturin yana aika DC zuwa PCS, wanda ke juya shi zuwa AC wanda yayi daidai da grid (ko bas ɗin microgrid na tsibirin) a cikin ƙarfin lantarki, mita, da lokaci. Za a iya haifar da fitarwa ta siginar farashi, buƙata{1}}kofar caji, gajartar PV da yamma, ko katsewar grid. A cikin grid -yanayin ɗaure, PCS yana bin grid; a cikin yanayin tsibiri, PCS yana samar da grid kanta.

Yaya tsawon lokacin da tsarin zai iya fitarwa ya dogara da lambobi uku mafi yawan masu siye marasa nauyi: iya aiki mai amfani (kWh), ƙimar ƙarfin ci gaba (kW), da ainihin bayanin martaba. Tsarin 500 kW / 1,000 kWh na iya ɗaukar 500 kW na kusan awanni 1.8 zuwa 1.9 bayan asara - ba cikakkun sa'o'i biyu da ke nuni da sauƙin rarrabawa ba.

Masu Gudanarwa Uku: BMS, PCS, da EMS

BMS - Tantanin halitta{1}}Mai gadi

Tsarin sarrafa baturi yana auna ƙarfin lantarki da module, halin yanzu, da zafin jiki a ainihin lokacin, yana ƙididdige yanayin caji (SOC) da yanayin lafiya (SOH), daidaita ƙwayoyin sel, kuma yana haifar da masu tuntuɓar idan wani abu ya ɓace. A cikin BESS na tsaye, ingancin BMS yana nunawa daga baya, ba lokacin ƙaddamarwa ba - yana nunawa a cikin shekara ta uku lokacin da rake ɗaya ya dace da sauran.

Abubuwan da BMS mai tsanani ke amfani da su cewa BMS kasafin kuɗi yakan tsallake: dabarun daidaitawa vs aiki, taswirar yanayin zafin jiki, saka idanu mai tsabta a gefen DC, da sadarwa mai tsabta tare da PCS da shafin SCADA.

PCS {0} Wutar Lantarki

Tsarin sauya wutar lantarki yana jujjuya AC zuwa DC da baya, yana sarrafa ikon wutar lantarki, yana goyan bayan grid{0}samuwa ko grid{1}} hanyoyin da ke biyo baya, kuma yawanci shine mafi tsada kayan lantarki bayan sel. Ƙimar wutar lantarki ta PCS (kW) ta kasance mai zaman kanta daga ƙarfin baturi (kWh) - za ku iya haɗa PCS 250 kW tare da wani abu daga fakitin keke na sauri 250 kWh zuwa fakitin tsawon 2MWh{8}} tsawon lokaci. Don gabatarwa ga abin da ke cikin wannan katanga da kuma yadda yake magana da sauran tsarin, Polinovel yana kula da kwazo mai bayani akantsarin canza wutar lantarki a cikin BESS.

Don grid -aiki mai haɗin gwiwa a Arewacin Amirka, PCS dole ne ya biFarashin IEEE1547, daidaitattun haɗin kai don rarraba albarkatun makamashi. Wannan ba za'a iya sasantawa ba don kowane mai amfani{2}}aikin da aka ɗaure da siffofin hawa{3}} ta hanyar, ƙa'idar wutar lantarki, da halayen ƙazamin tsibiri.

EMS - Layer yanke shawara

Tsarin sarrafa makamashi shine kwakwalwa. Yana karanta jadawalin kuɗin fito, hasashen kaya, hasashen PV, SOC, matsayi na grid, da buƙatu{1}}ƙallan caji, sannan yana fitar da saiti zuwa PCS. Kyakkyawan EMS{3} da aka gyara shine abin da ke raba BESS da ke biya a cikin shekaru biyar da wanda ke biya a cikin tara. Idan cajin buƙatun shine babban direban farashi a rukunin yanar gizon, EMS yakamata ya ba da fifikon aske kololuwa akan lokaci -na{6}}amfani da hukunci - dabarun biyu sukan ja gaba gaba gaba a rana guda. Don ƙarin kan yadda Layer iko ke yin waɗannan zaɓuɓɓuka, duba wannan bayyani naEMS a cikin tsarin ajiyar makamashin baturi.

Hanyoyin Aiki na BESS a kallo

Yadda BESS ke Aiki tare da Solar: AC -Hade da DC{1}}Haɗe

Lokacin da aka haɗa BESS tare da PV, tambayar ita ce inda tsarin biyu ke haɗuwa ta hanyar lantarki. AC coupling yana haɗa su a cikin motar AC ta hanyar inverters daban-daban. Haɗin kai na DC yana haɗa su a gefen DC ta hanyar inverter da aka raba ko mai canza DC/DC, tare da jujjuyawar AC na PCS guda ɗaya.

Kasuwancin{0} yawanci shine game da sake fasalin da sabon gini. AC{2}}tsararrun ƙira guda ɗaya shine zaɓi mai amfani don ƙara ajiya ga masana'antar hasken rana da aka riga aka ba da izini - kuna kiyaye injin inverter na PV ɗin kuma ku toshe tsarin baturi. DC-tsari guda biyu yawanci sun fi dacewa don sabbin ayyukan hasken rana{6}}tare{7}}ayyukan adanawa saboda suna guje wa zagaye ɗaya DC→AC→DC-tafiya lokacin da ƙarfin PV ke shiga cikin baturi kai tsaye. Hakanan suna ba da damar PV oversizing dangi zuwa inverter, ɗaukar makamashi wanda in ba haka ba za a yanke shi. Don gefen{11}}ta{12}} kwatancen fasaha, duba labarin Polinovel akanAC{0}}hade da DC{1}}ma'ajiyar baturi.

Yadda BESS ke Aiki a Saitunan Kasuwanci da Masana'antu

Masu siyan C&I yawanci suna da matsaloli guda uku waɗanda a zahiri suke damu: lissafin wutar lantarki ya yi yawa, ƙarancin zai daina samarwa, kuma tsarin hasken rana ba ya dawowa da sauri kamar yadda ake tsammani. Kyakkyawan C&I BESS da aka zana{1} na iya magance duka ukun, amma da wuya tare da tsari iri ɗaya.

Idan cajin buƙatu shine babban wurin jin zafi, tsarin yakamata a girma ta kW kololuwa fiye da jimlar kWh. Fakitin 500 kW / 500 kWh wanda ya cika buƙatu{3}} taga caji da ƙarfi zai iya fin fakitin 250 kW / 1,000 kWh a wuri ɗaya. Idan madadin shine fifiko, lissafin yana jujjuyawa - kWh ya mamaye, kuma lissafin kaya mai mahimmanci{9}} yana ƙayyade ƙimar ƙarfin. Don yawancin ayyukan C&I, kwantena ko waje{11}} sifar tsarin majalisar shine zaɓi mai amfani; Polinovel'shanyoyin samar da makamashi na kasuwanci da masana'antuda sadaukarwawaje majalisar BESSLayin yana rufe kewayo na yau da kullun daga kusan 100 kWh zuwa MWh da yawa.

Kuskure ɗaya na gama gari wanda ya cancanci yin alama: 1 MWh BESS baya nufin awa ɗaya ko biyu na madadin ta atomatik. Ƙarfin da za a iya amfani da shi, zurfin iyakar fitarwa da aka saita ta hanyar sharuɗɗan garanti, lodin ƙwayoyin cuta daga sanyaya, da ainihin mahimmanci{2}} lodi yana zana duk guntu a lokacin aiki. Koyaushe yi aiki baya daga lissafin kaya, ba gaba daga farantin suna ba.

Yadda Aiki {{0}Scale BESS Aiki

Ilimin kimiyyar lissafi iri ɗaya ne da tsarin C&I - caji, adanawa, fitarwa - amma ambulan injiniya yana faɗaɗa sosai. Ayyukan kayan aiki suna haɗawa a matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki (yawanci 12 zuwa 35 kV a Arewacin Amurka) kuma suna buƙatar mataki{5}} na'urorin wuta na sama, MV switchgear, relays na kariya, haɗin SCADA, da gwajin yarda da daidaitattun haɗin kai.

Kudaden shiga aiki yawanci yana fitowa ne daga haɗakar daidaitar makamashi, biyan kuɗi, da sabis na tallafi kamar ƙa'ida ta mita da tanadin aiki. Laboratory Energy Renewable Energy na Ƙasar Amurka yana ba da cikakken bincike a buɗegrid{0}} ma'auni na makamashida yadda waɗannan tarin kudaden shiga ke haɗuwa a cikin tsarin kasuwa daban-daban.

An kuma fi daidaita lafiyar wuta a wannan sikelin. Sabbin shigarwa a yawancin yankunan Amurka dole ne su haduFarashin 855, ma'auni don shigarwar tsarin ajiyar makamashi na tsaye, tare da jerin samfuran UL 9540. An gina ƙirar kayan aikin kwantena kusa da waɗannan buƙatun daga rana ɗaya maimakon a sake gyarawa daga baya. Polinovel'smasu amfani{0}}masuyin shukakumakwantena BESSAn tsara dangin samfur don waɗannan mahallin yarda.

Abin da ke Ƙaddamar da Ingantaccen BESS da Rayuwar Sabis

Zagaye - ƙwaƙƙwaran tafiya don ingantaccen lithium{2} ion BESS yana zaune a cikin kewayon 85-92% a tashar AC, tare da sauran an rasa zuwa juyawa, kayan taimako (mafi yawan sanyaya), da fitar da kai-. An ƙididdige rayuwar sabis gabaɗaya a cikin hawan keke zuwa 70 ko 80% na ƙarfin asali, kuma don tsarin LFP na tsaye yawanci ana ƙididdige shi a cikin kewayon zagayowar 6,000-10,000 dangane da zurfin fitarwa da zafin aiki.

Abubuwan da ke motsa waɗannan lambobi a cikin filin:

• Yanayin aiki.Dogaro da aiki sama da kusan digiri 35 a bayyane yana ƙara saurin fadewa. Ruwan sanyaya ruwa da inuwar wurin da ya dace suna haifar da bambancin aunawa sama da shekaru 10.
• C - ƙimar.Yin hawan tantanin halitta a 1C kowace rana yana tsufa da sauri fiye da yin hawansa a 0.5C. Na dogon lokaci{3}} aikace-aikace, girman girman C{4}} yawanci yana da arha fiye da maye gurbin sel da wuri.
• Zurfin taga fitarwa.Yin aiki tsakanin 10% da 90% SOC ya fi sauƙi akan sel fiye da 0-100%, akan farashin kuzarin da ba za a iya amfani da shi ba.
• Ingantaccen PCS.98% -Ingantacciyar PCS tare da 95%- ingantaccen shine 3-kashi{6}}maki akan kowane kWh da ke tafiya cikin tsarin - abu sama da shekaru 15.
• dabarun EMS.Tsanani mai tsauri tare da zurfafa zagayowar yau da kullun na sa sel da sauri fiye da aske kololuwa. Dabarar da ta dace ita ce duk wani kuɗin shiga na mutum ya zarce ƙimar lalacewa.

Yadda Ake Ƙayyade BESS: Bayanin da Mai Zane Yake Bukatar A Haƙiƙa

Yawancin ayyukan BESS marasa ƙarfi suna farawa da buƙatun buƙatun ("muna son 500 kWh") kuma sun ƙare sama da - ko ƙasa da girman{2}. Don samun tsaftataccen ƙira da ƙaƙƙarfan magana, raba waɗannan kafin kowa ya zana zane ɗaya -:

• Matsayin fifikon aikace-aikacen - kololuwar askewa, wariyar ajiya, amfani da hasken rana{1}}amfani, daidaitawa, microgrid, sabis na grid
• Bayanan mintuna 15-minti ko sa'a guda ɗaya na aƙalla wata mai wakilci, da wata kololuwar shekara
• Mafi girman buƙatun rukunin yanar gizo (kW) da buƙatu na yau da kullun{0}} ƙimar caji
• Mahimmanci -jerin kaya tare da kW da tsawon lokacin ajiyar da ake buƙata a cikin sa'o'i
• Ƙarfin PV (DC da AC) idan an zartar, da kerawa da ƙirar inverter
• Matsayin ajin ƙarfin lantarki na haɗin haɗin gwiwa da sararin samaniya mai sauyawa
• Yanayin shigarwa - na cikin gida, waje, kewayon zafin yanayi, yankin girgizar ƙasa, nisa zuwa gine-ginen da aka mamaye
• Yarjejeniyar sadarwa ana tsammanin ta wurin SCADA ko mai kula da BMS (Modbus TCP, IEC 61850, CAN, da sauransu)
• Lambobi masu aiki - NFPA 855, UL 9540, IEEE 1547, bukatun AHJ na gida
• Kwanan ƙaddamar da aikin da ake tsammanin da kowane tsarin faɗaɗawa da aka yi
• Maƙasudin lokacin dawowar kuɗi ko iyakar IRR

Misalin Aiki: C&I BESS a Tsakanin -Mai Girman Shuka Mai Girma

Bayanan martaba na rukunin yanar gizon.Daidaitaccen kayan aikin injina tare da buƙatu mafi girma na 1.2MW yayin aiki ɗaya{2}, nauyi mai mahimmanci 200 kW (Masu kula da CNC, matsewar iska don ɗakuna masu tsafta, IT, hasken aminci), da 600 kWdc rufin rufin PV tsararru shekaru biyu baya. Mai amfani yana cajin kusan dalar Amurka 18 a kowace kW na buƙatun kololuwar kowane wata kuma yana da taga mafi girma na awa 4{8} da yamma. Matsakaicin abubuwan da ke faruwa sau biyu a shekara, yawanci ƙasa da sa'o'i uku.

An gano wuraren zafi.Cajin buƙata yana ɗaukar kusan kashi 35% na lissafin kowane wata. Tsarin PV yana saduwa da nauyin tsakar rana amma yana fitar da rarar kuɗi a ƙarancin abinci{2}} cikin ƙima. Kashewa biyu a shekarar da ta gabata ya haifar da hasarar samar da rabin yini{4}.

KanfigareshanA 500 kW / 1,032 kWh na waje{3}}majalisar LFP BESS, AC{4}}haɗe zuwa inverter na PV data kasance, tare da sanyaya ruwa da UL 9540-wajen da aka jera. An daidaita EMS tare da dabara mai laushi: kololuwar aski da farko a kan madaidaicin 900 kW, ɗaukar rarar PV na biyu, riƙe mafi ƙarancin 30% SOC da aka tanada don madadin. Canja wurin Ajiyayyen atomatik ne ta hanyar 250 kW mai mahimmanci-load panel.

Sakamakon aiki.An rage yawan bukatar da ake bukata zuwa kusan 900 kW a lokacin taga akan{1}}koloji, PV kai{2}}asashen da aka haɓaka daga kusan kashi 65% zuwa sama da 90%, kuma nauyi mai mahimmanci na iya tafiya ta hanyar wucewa har zuwa kusan awanni huɗu a SOC da aka keɓe. Haɗaɗɗen hanyoyin samun kuɗin shiga guda biyu (raguwar buƙatu da ingantacciyar kuɗin kuɗaɗen PV) suna fitar da dawowar zuwa cikin shekaru biyar{6}}zuwa{7}}shafukan yanar gizo na C&I masu kyau{8}.

Saka Shi Tare

BESS yana aiki ta hanyar maimaita sake zagayowar - cajin, riƙewa, fitarwa - ƙarƙashin kulawar masu sarrafawa guda uku waɗanda ke kare sel, daidaita ƙarfin, da yanke shawarar lokacin. Ilimin kimiyyar lissafi iri ɗaya ne daga madaidaicin 100 kWh zuwa akwati mai ƙarfin MWh 5. Abin da ke canzawa tsakanin ayyukan shine yanayin aiki, topology mai haɗawa, ambulan aminci, da kuma yadda ake samun kudaden shiga. Samun waɗannan haƙƙi huɗu akan ainihin bayanan rukunin yanar gizon, kuma tsarin yana biya baya. Yi musu kuskure, kuma baturi mai tsada ne kawai yana zaune kusa da allo.

Zana BESS don Aikin ku

Idan kuna aiwatar da aikin don aski kololuwa, wutar lantarki, hasken rana - ƙari{1}}ajiya, aikin microgrid, ko grid{2}} sabis ɗin da aka ɗaure, hanya mafi sauri gaba ita ce raba bayanan rukunin yanar gizonku - bayanin martaba, buƙatu mafi girma, m{4}jerin kaya, cikakkun bayanan PV, ƙarfin haɗin gwiwa, da yanayin shigarwa. Daga wannan, Polinovel na iya ba da shawarar ma'auni, kwantena, ko abin amfani- ma'auni wanda ya dace da aikace-aikacen, gami da girman PCS, dabarun EMS, ƙirar sanyaya, da iyakar yarda.