Tsarin ajiyar makamashi na microgrid yana adana yawan wutar lantarki da aka samar daga maɓuɓɓuka masu rarraba kamar hasken rana ko injin turbin iska, sannan ya saki wannan ƙarfin lokacin da samarwa ya ragu ko buƙata ya karu. Tsarin yana aiki ta hanyar bankunan baturi (yawanci lithium{1} ion) da aka haɗa zuwa kayan aikin canza wuta da mai sarrafawa mai hankali wanda ke sarrafa caji, caji, da kwararar wuta tsakanin microgrid, ajiya, da babban grid.
Mahimman abubuwan da aka haɗa na Tsarin Ajiye Makamashi na Microgrid
Kowane tsarin ajiyar makamashi na microgrid ya ƙunshi abubuwa masu mahimmanci guda huɗu waɗanda ke aiki tare don kamawa, adanawa, da rarraba wutar lantarki.
Tsarin ajiyar makamashin baturi (BESS) shine ya zama zuciyar aikin. Batirin Lithium{1} ion sun mamaye kasuwa saboda suna ba da ƙarfin ƙarfin kuzari sau 5 zuwa 6 fiye da batirin gubar{4}}kuma suna iya kammala zagayowar 3,000{10}}4,000 kafin ragewa zuwa kashi 80%. A kwatancen, baturan gubar{14}}acid kawai suna sarrafa zagayawa 400{17}500 kafin faduwa zuwa iya aiki 50%. Tsarin ma'auni na kayan aiki na yau da kullun na iya kewayo daga 300 kW/386 kWh don ƙarami na shigarwa zuwa megawatts da yawa tare da awoyi na megawatt masu yawa na iya ajiya.
Tsarin sarrafa baturi (BMS) yana lura da ƙarfin lantarki na mutum ɗaya, yanayin zafi, da yanayin caji a duk bankin baturi. Wannan yana hana yin caji fiye da kima, yana sarrafa ma'auni na tantanin halitta, kuma yana ba da kariya daga guduwar zafi. Kula da yanayin zafi yana da mahimmanci{2}}lithium{3} batir ion suna aiki mafi kyau tsakanin 40-110 digiri Fahrenheit, yana buƙatar sanyaya aiki ko tsarin dumama a yawancin shigarwa.
Tsarukan jujjuya wutar lantarki sun haɗu da tazarar tsakanin ajiyar baturin DC da ƙarfin grid AC. Tunda batura ke adana makamashi azaman halin yanzu kai tsaye amma yawancin grid suna aiki akan madannin halin yanzu, masu juyawa biyu suna ɗaukar jujjuyawar a cikin duka kwatance. Wadannan inverters kuma suna sarrafa ingantattun sigogin wutar lantarki kamar ka'idar wutar lantarki da daidaita mita.
Tsarin sarrafa makamashi (EMS) yana aiki azaman tsakiyar kwakwalwa, yana yin ainihin yanke shawara game da kwararar kuzari. Ta hanyar EMS, ana sarrafa albarkatun makamashi da aka rarraba, tsarin ajiya, da babban grid tare da haɗin gwiwar daidaitawa, samar da rarrabawar gida, da kuma guje wa asarar watsawa. Wannan software tana ci gaba da yin nazarin hasashen tsara tsara, hasashen kaya, farashin wutar lantarki, da yanayin baturi don inganta aikin tsarin.
Yadda Makamashi Ke Tafiya Ta Tsarin
Zagayowar caji da fitarwa a cikin tsarin ajiyar makamashi na microgrid yana biye da tsarin daidaitawa wanda tsarin kulawa na matsayi wanda ke aiki a ma'auni daban-daban na lokaci.
A lokacin caji, lokacin da masu amfani da hasken rana ke samar da wutar lantarki fiye da na gida da ake cinyewa ko kuma lokacin da farashin wutar lantarki ya ragu a lokacin da ake yin awoyi masu yawa, EMS tana jagorantar wuce gona da iri zuwa bankin baturi. Tsarin sauya wutar lantarki yana canza ikon AC daga janareta ko grid zuwa halin yanzu na DC wanda ya dace da cajin baturi. Lokacin da na'urorin ajiyar makamashi da yawa masu iko iri-iri ke samuwa, tsarin yana daidaita cajin su don kada ƙananan na'urori su yi caji gabaɗaya kafin manyan, dangane da yanayin cajin su.
Tsarin fitarwa yana jujjuya wannan kwararar. Lokacin da tsararru mai sabuntawa ta ragu{1}}kamar bayan faɗuwar rana don tsarin hasken rana{2}ko lokacin da buƙatar wutar lantarki ta yi yawa, mai sarrafawa yana sigina batir don sakin kuzarin da aka adana. Mai jujjuyawar yana canza ƙarfin baturi na DC zuwa AC, wanda yayi daidai da ƙarfin wutar lantarki da buƙatun mita. BESS na iya fara fitar da makamashi zuwa grid a cikin kusan daƙiƙa biyu, yana ba da amsa mai sauri wanda injinan mai ba zai iya daidaitawa ba.
Gudun wutar lantarki ba koyaushe ba na layi ba ne. A cikin grid -yanayin da aka haɗa, microgrid na iya zana wuta lokaci guda daga babban grid, ƙirƙira daga gida, cajin batura, fitar da batura, da kuma ɗaukar nauyin gida{2} duk bisa ga abin da ingantaccen algorithm ya ƙaddara shine mafi tattalin arziki ko abin dogaro a lokacin.
Uku -Tsarin Gudanar da Gine-gine
Tsarin ajiyar makamashi na microgrid da aka ƙera da kyau yana ɗaukar tsarin sarrafawa mai matsayi tare da matakan firamare, na sakandare, da manyan makarantu waɗanda ke aiki a cikin ma'aunin lokaci a hankali.
Ikon farko yana aiki a cikin millise seconds, ƙarfafa ƙarfin lantarki da mita a cikin microgrid. Wannan Layer yana tabbatar da cewa lokacin da babban kaya ya kunna ba zato ba tsammani ko kayan aikin hasken rana ya ragu saboda murfin girgije, tsarin yana amsawa nan take don kula da ingancin wutar lantarki. Har ila yau, iko na farko yana sarrafa yadda ake raba iko mai aiki da amsawa tsakanin albarkatun makamashi da yawa da aka rarraba ba tare da buƙatar sadarwa a tsakanin su ba.
Ikon sakandare yana aiki a kan daƙiƙa -zuwa{1}}miti, yana aiki azaman mai kulawa. Yana maido da wutar lantarki da mitar microgrid kuma yana rama sabani da aka samu ta hanyar bambance-bambancen kaya ko hanyoyin sabuntawa. Wannan matakin yana gyara duk wani faifai wanda ikon farko ba zai iya cika cikakken bayani ba kuma ana iya ƙera shi don saduwa da takamaiman buƙatun ingancin wutar lantarki kamar daidaita wutar lantarki a mahimman wuraren haɗin gwiwa.
Ikon manyan makarantu yana aiki daga mintuna zuwa sa'o'i, yana mai da hankali kan haɓakar tattalin arziki da hulɗar grid. Wannan matakin sau da yawa ya ƙunshi hasashen yanayi, jadawalin kuɗin fito, da lodi a cikin sa'o'i ko rana masu zuwa don tsara shirin aika janareta wanda ke samun tanadin tattalin arziki. Misali, yana iya ƙayyade cewa cajin baturi a 2 AM lokacin da wutar lantarki ta kashe $ 0.03/kWh da fitarwa a 6 PM lokacin da farashin ya kai $0.35/kWh zai haɓaka tanadi.
Yanayin Aiki: Grid{0}}Haɗe da tsibirin
Tsarukan ajiyar makamashi na Microgrid suna aiki ta hanyoyi guda biyu daban-daban, kowannensu yana da dabarun sarrafawa da maƙasudai.
A cikin grid -yanayin da aka haɗa, microgrid ya kasance yana aiki tare da babban grid mai amfani ta hanyar haɗin haɗin gwiwa (PCC). Anan, tsarin ajiya yana ba da rafukan ƙima masu yawa. Yana aiwatar da aski mai kololuwa ta hanyar yin caji yayin manyan lokutan buƙatu{3} don rage farashin kayan aiki masu tsada. Hakanan BESS na iya sanya microgrid ya zama mai juriya -a cikin katsewar kayan aiki ko raguwar kuzarin ɗan lokaci da microgrid ke samarwa, BESS na iya zuwa kan layi kusan nan take don tallafawa manyan lodi. Hakanan tsarin na iya ba da sabis na ƙa'ida ga mai amfani, yin caji da fitarwa cikin sauri don taimakawa daidaita wadatar grid da buƙatu.
Yanayin tsibiri yana kunna lokacin da microgrid ya katse daga babban grid, ko dai da gangan ko saboda fita. Lokacin da aka cire haɗin microgrid daga grid ɗin wutar lantarki kuma yana aiki da kansa, fitarwar kuzarin da aka rarraba yana canzawa tare da abubuwan muhalli kuma ba zai iya samar da ingantaccen fitarwa don lodi ba. Ajiye ya zama mahimmanci don cike waɗannan gibin. Dole ne tsarin sarrafawa a hankali ya daidaita tsara, kaya, da yanayin cajin baturi ba tare da wani goyan bayan waje ba. Idan batura sun ƙare yayin tsawaita tsibiri, ƙa'idodin zubar da kaya ta atomatik suna cire haɗin kai tsaye mara nauyi{4} don adana ƙarfi don mahimman ayyuka.
Canji tsakanin hanyoyin yana buƙatar ingantaccen sarrafawa. Lokacin da aka gano hargitsin grid, tsarin ma'ajin makamashi na microgrid dole ne ya katse haɗin kai a cikin keken keke, ya samar da ƙarfin ƙarfinsa mai ƙarfi da mitar tunani, kuma ya ci gaba da ɗaukar kaya ba tare da tsangwama ba{1}} duk ba tare da tsangwama ga masu amfani ba.
Gaskiya {{0}Misalan Aiwatar da Duniya
Binciken ainihin tura kayan aiki yana kwatanta yadda ka'idar ke fassara zuwa aiki tare da takamaiman ma'aunin aiki.
Enel X ya shigar da tsarin ajiyar makamashi na microgrid a rukunin gidaje 625- a rukunin gidaje na Brooklyn's Brownsville, yana haɗa tsarin hasken rana na 400 kW, ajiyar makamashi 300 kW/1.2 MWh, da tantanin mai 400 kW. Wannan tsarin yana ba da hadadden ƙarfi tare da ƙarfin juriya yayin katsewar grid yayin rage farashin wutar lantarki ta hanyar amfani da hasken rana da sarrafa cajin buƙata.
A kan babban ma'auni, Enel X's solar{0}}tare{1}}ajiya microgrid don masana'antar Eaton Electric a Las Piedras, Puerto Rico yana haɗa kusan MW 5 na makamashin hasken rana da kusan 1.1 MW/2.2 MWh na ajiyar baturi. Ƙarfin ma'auni mai mahimmanci yana ba da damar kayan aiki don canza tsarin hasken rana daga kololuwar samar da rana zuwa lokutan buƙatun maraice.
NREL tana goyan bayan haɓakar grid mai lamba uku -, 300-kW/386-kWh grid{6}} tsarin daura ta amfani da lithium{7}}ion, nickel cadmium, da batir acid gubar da aka saita don isar da ma'aunin kuzari da ƙarfi. Wannan tsarin sinadarai da yawa yana nuna yadda fasahohin batir daban-daban zasu iya haɗawa da juna{9}}lithium{10}}ion don yawan kuzari, gubar-acid don ƙarancin farashi, da nickel cadmium don jure yanayin zafi.
A cikin 2024, an ba da umarni 59 sabbin microgrids jimlar 241 MW, tare da microgrids ajiyar makamashi suna isar da ƙarin 19.5 MW ko 33.2 MWh. Amurka ta shigar da 11.9 GW na ajiyar makamashin batir a cikin 2024 kadai, tare da hasashen kasuwar za ta kai 18.2 GW na sabbin kayan masarufi{9}} a cikin 2025.
Mabuɗin Ayyuka
Tsarin ajiyar makamashi na microgrid yana aiwatar da ayyuka masu mahimmanci guda uku waɗanda ke bambance microgrids na zamani daga masu janareta masu sauƙi.
Ƙaddamar da makamashi da canjin kaya suna wakiltar aikin tattalin arziki na farko. Ta hanyar yin cajin batura a lokacin kashewa{1}}yawan sa'o'i (yawanci na dare) da yin amfani da kuzarin da aka adana a lokacin ƙaƙƙarfan lokaci (yawanci da yamma da maraice), tsarin zai iya rage tsadar wutar lantarki sosai, tare da yawancin masu gida suna ba da rahoton ajiyar 30-50% akan kuɗin makamashi na wata. Microgrids na kasuwanci suna cin gajiyar lokaci{5}}tsararrun amfani har ma da tsauri, wani lokacin suna samun raguwar 60-70% na cajin buƙata.
Gudanar da ingancin wutar lantarki yana magance ƙarfin lantarki da kwanciyar hankali. Ta hanyar sarrafa tsarin jujjuyawar wutar lantarki, tsarin yana daidaita fitowar wutar lantarki mai aiki da mai kunnawa zuwa microgrid yayin da yake magance dips da sags. Lokacin da babban mota ya fara, yana haifar da juzu'in ƙarfin lantarki nan take, tsarin ma'ajiya yana allurar ƙarfin amsawa a cikin millise seconds don ramawa. Wannan yana hana lalacewar kayan aiki da katsewar tsari.
Saukakawar makamashi mai sabuntawa yana kawar da matsala mai matsala na samar da hasken rana da iska. Gajimare da ke wucewa akan tsarin hasken rana na iya haifar da fitarwa zuwa ƙasa da kashi 80 cikin ɗari. Idan ba tare da ajiya ba, wannan zai haifar da matsanancin ƙarfin lantarki da balaguron mita. Tsarin ajiyar makamashi yana tabbatar da jujjuyawar makamashin da aka rarraba, yana samar da ingantaccen fitarwa, kuma yana ba da damar rarraba gida na sabbin abubuwan sabuntawa. Ana cajin ma'ajiyar lokacin haɓakar haɓakawa mai girma da fitarwa yayin faɗuwa, yana gabatar da tsayayyen bayanin martaba ga lodi da grid.
Kalubalen Fasaha da Magani
Duk da fa'idodin da aka tabbatar, aiwatar da tsarin ajiyar makamashi na microgrid yana fuskantar ƙalubalen injiniya da yawa waɗanda dole ne masu aiki su magance.
Lalacewar baturi yana rinjayar duka iyawa da aminci akan lokaci. Yawancin batura lithium masu inganci suna matsakaita kusan zagayowar 4,000 kafin faduwa zuwa 80% na iyawar asali. A cikakke zagaye ɗaya kowace rana, wannan yana fassara zuwa kusan shekaru 11 na aiki. Koyaya, zubar da ruwa mai zurfi da yanayin zafi yana haɓaka lalacewa. Smart EMS algorithms yanzu suna inganta tsarin caji don rage damuwa{8}misali, adana batura tsakanin 20-80% na halin caji yayin ayyuka na yau da kullun da tanadin cikakken ƙarfin gaggawa.
Matsalolin sarrafawa yana ƙaruwa da yawa tare da girman tsarin da adadin albarkatun da aka rarraba. Microgrid tare da tsararrun hasken rana, injin turbin iska, janareta, da bankunan baturi yana buƙatar daidaitawa da yawa na inverters da masu sarrafawa. Ƙananan ƙananan microgrids wani lokaci ana kiran su nanogrids lokacin da suke hidimar gini guda ɗaya, kuma haɗin kai na nanogrids da yawa yana samar da hanyar sadarwa mai sauƙin raba wutar lantarki tsakanin tsarin mutum ɗaya. Wannan tsarin tari yana sauƙaƙa sarrafawa ta hanyar ƙirƙirar jerin gwano inda masu kula da gida ke sarrafa kowane nanogrids da kuma babban mai kulawa da ke daidaitawa tsakanin{3}}nanogrid wutar lantarki.
Farashin ya kasance babban shamaki duk da faduwar farashin baturi. Wani binciken NREL na 2018 ya gano microgrids a cikin Nahiyar Amurka ta kashe kusan dala miliyan 2-5 a kowace megawatt don haɓakawa. Koyaya, ana tsammanin ajiyar makamashi ta duniya don kasuwar microgrids zai kai dala biliyan 2.1 daga 2024-2028, yana faɗaɗa a 22.79% CAGR, haɓakar tattalin arzikin sikelin. Samfuran kuɗi kamar Yarjejeniyar Sabis na Microgrid yanzu suna ba ƙungiyoyi damar tura tsarin tare da babban jari na gaba.
Fasaha masu tasowa da Ci gaban gaba
Tsarin tsarin ajiyar makamashi na microgrid yana ci gaba da ci gaba fiye da tsarin lithium na gargajiya{0}}.
Madadin sunadarai na baturi suna samun karbuwa don takamaiman aikace-aikace. A shekara ta 2024, baturan lithium iron phosphate (LFP) sun zama mahimmanci ga babban ma'ajiyar kayan aiki saboda yawan abubuwan da ake samu, tsawon rayuwa, da aminci mafi girma idan aka kwatanta da nickel - tushen lithium - sunadarai. Batura masu gudana suna ba da fa'idodi daban-daban{{5}kusan rayuwa mara iyaka da zagayowar rayuwa mai zaman kanta da ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfi da ƙarfi{6} yana sa su zama abin sha'awa na dogon lokaci{7} aikace-aikacen ajiya na tsawon lokaci.
Lantarki -hydrogen{1}}ammoniya haɗe-haɗe microgrids wadata adreshin{2}yana buƙatar rashin daidaituwa ta amfani da nau'ikan ajiyar makamashi guda uku waɗanda suka dace da canza buƙatun wutar lantarki a lokuta daban-daban. Layer na sama yana aiki kowace shekara tare da matakan lokaci na mako-mako don ajiyar ammonia, yayin da ƙananan Layer ke gudana kowane mako tare da matakan sa'a na hydrogen da wutar lantarki. Wannan hanya mai yawan - tana aiwatar da bambance-bambancen yanayi waɗanda batura kaɗai ba za su iya magance su ta fuskar tattalin arziki ba.
Haɓaka bayanan sirri na wucin gadi yana canza sarrafa makamashi a cikin ci-gaban tsarin ajiyar makamashi na microgrid. Algorithms na koyon inji yanzu suna hasashen samar da hasken rana, tsarin lodi, da farashin wutar lantarki tare da haɓaka daidaito, yana ba da damar ingantattun dabarun aikawa. Na'urori masu tasowa na iya samar da ƙarshen{2}}zuwa{3}}ƙarshen sarrafa microgrid ta amfani da koyan na'ura kamar zurfafa koyon ƙarfafawa, ci gaba da haɓaka aiki bisa bayanan tarihi da kuma ainihin lokacin-.
Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi
Har yaushe microgrid zai iya gudana akan ajiyar baturi kadai?
Lokacin gudu ya dogara da ƙarfin baturi da buƙatar kaya. Tsarin ma'ajin makamashi na microgrid na yau da kullun tare da 10-15 kWh na ajiya na iya yin amfani da mahimman lodi na awanni 4-8. Manyan tsare-tsare kamar shigarwar 300 kW/1.2 MWh a Brownsville na iya samar da cikakken iko na awanni 4 ko kuma tsawaita zuwa 12+ sa'o'i lokacin yin amfani da kaya masu mahimmanci kawai. Yawancin tsarin kasuwanci ana girman girman sa'o'i 2-4 a mafi girman nauyi, kodayake wasu wurare masu mahimmanci sun ƙayyade awanni 8-24 na madadin.
Me zai faru lokacin da batura suka kai cikar caji yayin samar da hasken rana mai yawa?
EMS yana da zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa: fitarwa da wuce gona da iri zuwa babban grid idan grid - an haɗa shi kuma akwai ma'aunin net ɗin, rage haɓakar sabuntawa ta hanyar cire haɗin hasken rana ko injin injin fuka-fukan iska, ko canza kaya masu sassauƙa kamar dumama ruwa ko HVAC pre{1} sanyaya don cinye rarar. A lokacin ƙananan lokuttan nauyi, tsarin ajiyar makamashi yana adana wuce gona da iri daga albarkatun makamashi da aka rarraba don fitarwa yayin buƙatu kololuwa.
Shin ajiyar makamashi na iya rage cajin buƙatun ga abokan cinikin kasuwanci?
Ee, wannan yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun aikace-aikacen. Ana cajin cajin buƙatu akan mafi girman amfani da wutar lantarki yayin lokacin lissafin kuɗi, galibi yana ƙunshe da kashi 30-70% na lissafin wutar lantarki na kasuwanci. Tsararrun ma'ajiya suna bibiyar zana wutar lantarki da shigar da kuzarin da aka adana a duk lokacin da abin sha ya kusanci kololuwar da ke akwai, "a aske" bayanin martabar buƙatu. Ko da tsarin batir mafi ƙanƙanta wanda ke rage buƙatu kololuwa da kashi 20-30% na iya sadar da babban tanadi akan manyan asusun kasuwanci.
Ta yaya tsarin ke kiyaye aminci tare da manyan bankunan baturi?
Yadudduka na kariya da yawa saka idanu da sarrafa ayyukan baturi. BMS yana ci gaba da duba ƙarfin wutar lantarki, halin yanzu, da zafin kowane tantanin halitta akan iyakoki masu aminci. Idan kowane siga ya wuce ƙofa, tsarin nan da nan ya daina yin caji ko fitarwa. Kariyar jiki sun haɗa da tsarin sarrafa zafi don hana zafi fiye da kima, fashewa -hujja ta fitar da iskar gas, tsarin kashe wuta, da keɓancewa wanda zai iya cire haɗin batura daga duk haɗin waje. Rashin gazawar BESS ya faru galibi a cikin sarrafawa da daidaiton kayan aikin, yayin da 11% kawai ya faru a cikin sel kansu.
Haɗuwa da ajiyar makamashi yana canza microgrids daga tsarin ajiya mai sauƙi zuwa ƙwararrun dandamali waɗanda ke ba da aminci, tattalin arziki, da fa'idodin muhalli. Yayin da farashin baturi ke ci gaba da raguwa kuma tsarin sarrafawa yana ƙaruwa da hankali, sa ran haɓaka tsarin adana makamashi na microgrid a sassan zama, kasuwanci, da masu amfani. Fasahar ta girma daga na'urorin gwaji zuwa ingantattun kayayyakin more rayuwa da ke hidima ga miliyoyin mutane a duk duniya, tare da hasashen ci gaban kasuwa da ke tabbatar da wannan yanayin ta hanyar 2030 da bayan haka.