Lithiumkarfe anodes mallaki musamman high ka'idar takamaiman iya aiki (3860 mA·bg) da mafi ƙarancin electrochemical m (-3.040 V (vs. SHE)), sa su dauke da "tsarki grail" electrode tsakanin da yawa electrode kayan. Batir ɗin ƙarfe na lithium sun haɗa da lithium{5}}sulfur da lithium{7}batir ɗin oxygen. Batirin sulfur na lithium yana da ƙarfin kuzari kusan 2600 W·h/kg, yayin da lithium -batir ɗin oxygen suna da ƙarfin kuzari kusan 3500 W·h/kg, kusan sau 7 da 10 na baturan lithium na al'ada, bi da bi. Don haka, ana ɗaukar batirin ƙarfe na lithium ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun tsarin ajiyar makamashi da kuma babban ɗan takara don tsarin batir na gaba, yana jan hankali sosai. Koyaya, saboda matsalar lithium dendrite, batirin ƙarfe na farko na lithium ana iya amfani da su kawai a wasu fannoni na musamman, kuma an jinkirta kasuwancin su.
An ƙirƙira batir ɗin ƙarfe na lithium da za a iya caji tun farkon shekarun 1970 kuma an yi amfani da su sosai a agogo, ƙididdiga, da sauran na'urorin lantarki.
Ana amfani da batirin ƙarfe na lithium sosai a cikin kayan lantarki da na'urorin likitanci masu ɗaukar nauyi. Koyaya, kasuwancinsu ya sami cikas saboda wasu lahani a cikin ƙarfen lithium. A matsayin memba na Rukuni na 1 na tebur na lokaci-lokaci, atom ɗin lithium suna da electron guda ɗaya kawai a cikin mafi girman harsashin su, wanda hakan ya sa su zama masu saurin amsawa ta hanyar sinadarai yayin da suke rasa wannan na'urar. Lokacin da ake hulɗa da kwayoyin halitta, lithium karfe yana samar da wani fim mai suna solid electrolyte interface (SEI) a samansa. Babban aikin wannan fim shine ware ƙarfe na lithium daga electrolyte, yana hana ci gaba da lalata lithium. Duk da haka, saboda gagarumin canjin ƙarar ƙarfe na lithium yayin caji da fitarwa, fim ɗin SEI yakan rushewa akai-akai. Filayen ƙarfen ƙarfe na lithium da aka fallasa ya sake amsawa tare da electrolyte don ƙirƙirar sabon fim ɗin SEI. Wannan tsari ba wai kawai yana haɓaka haɓakar dendrites na lithium tare da tsagewar ba amma yana iya shiga mai raba cikin baturi, yana haifar da ɗan gajeren kewayawa. Lokacin da ɗan gajeren kewayawa ya faru, ana haifar da babban adadin zafi a cikin baturin, wanda a cikin matsanancin yanayi na iya haifar da konewa ko fashewa, da matukar tasiri ga aikin aminci da kasuwa na baturan ƙarfe na lithium. Bugu da ƙari kuma, yayin da adadin lithium dendrites ya karu, suna ba da ƙarin dama ga maɗaukakiyar lantarki don haɗuwa da electrolyte, don haka yana haɓaka ƙimar halayen gefe. Waɗannan matakan da ba za a iya jurewa ba suna cinye kayan lantarki da na'urorin lantarki, suna rage ƙarfin baturi da ingancin coulombic. Bayan yin amfani da dogon lokaci, yawancin dendrites na lithium sun kasance a cikin sabon fim din SEI, sun kasa shiga cikin halayen electrochemical na al'ada; a lokaci guda, lithium dendrites kusa da substrate yana saurin rubewa, yana haifar da "matattu" lithium, ma'ana wannan ɓangaren lithium ya zama marar aiki na lantarki, yana raunana ƙarfin baturi gaba ɗaya. A cikin shekaru 40 da suka gabata, an sami gagarumin ci gaba a cikin bincike da kwaikwaya hanyoyin samar da lithium dendrite.
Ɗaya daga cikin mafi yawan dabarun da ake amfani da su don murkushe ci gaban dendrite shine haɓaka kwanciyar hankali da daidaito na ingantacciyar hanyar haɗin lantarki (SEI) akan saman ƙarfe na lithium ta hanyar daidaita abubuwan electrolyte da ƙara takamaiman abubuwa. Duk da haka, tun da lithium karfe ne thermodynamically m a cikin kwayoyin Additives, samar da wani tasiri passivation Layer a kan samansa a cikin ruwa electrolyte yanayi ne quite kalubale. Bayan inganta Layer SEI, gabatar da polymers ko ƙwararrun shinge mai ƙarfi tare da ƙarfin injina kuma na iya zama ingantacciyar hanyar hana shigar dendrite a cikin mai raba. Wadannan hanyoyin suna nufin hana lalacewar lithium dendrite ga mai rarrabawa ta hanyar inganta kayan aikin injiniya na Layer SEI ko mai rarraba kanta, amma ba su kawar da matsala na samuwar dendrite ba. Yayin da cikakken nasarar wannan ƙalubalen ya rage ɗan lokaci, kuma samfuran baturi na lithium{4} har yanzu ba a sami ko'ina a kasuwa ba, masu bincike sun gabatar da ƙira da ƙirƙira ƙirar baturi na ƙarfe na lithium da yawa, yana nuna yuwuwar aikace-aikace masu amfani. Daga cikin waɗannan, batir lithium{6} sulfur da ke amfani da sulfur azaman kayan cathode da lithium{7} batir oxygen da ke amfani da iskar oxygen a matsayin kayan aiki na cathode sun ja hankalin mutane da yawa saboda fa'idodinsu na musamman kuma ana ɗaukar su duka tsarin siginar tantanin halitta na kasuwanci sosai. Lithium{10}batir sulfur sun mallaki ƙarfin ƙarfin gaske (kimanin 2600 W·kg) kuma an san su a matsayin ƴan takara masu ban sha'awa na tsarin adana makamashin baturi na gaba{12}. Mafi mahimmanci, sulfur na asali yana da yawa a cikin yanayi kuma yana da alaƙa da muhalli, yana ƙara nuna fa'idodin lithium{14}} batirin sulfur. Don haka, batirin lithium{16} sulfur ya sami kulawa a duk duniya cikin 'yan shekarun nan.
Matsakaicin matsakaicin polysulfide da aka samar yayin caji da fitar da batirin lithium{0} sulfur baturi na narkewa a cikin electrolyte da shuttle zuwa ga mara kyau electrode.Saboda haka, danne lithium dendrites ya zama mafi rikitarwa a gaban polysulfide matsakaici, musamman lokacin da sulfur cathode loading yana da girma. Polysulfides na iya shiga cikin fim ɗin SEI kuma su lalata sabon ƙarfe na lithium a ƙarƙashin saman saman, wanda ke haifar da asarar iya aiki. Saboda haka, hana polysulfide shuttle yana da mahimmanci ba kawai don inganta ƙarfin cathode yayin aikin baturi na lithium - sulfur baturi ba har ma don kwanciyar hankali na fim na SEI da samun dendrite{5} kyauta mara kyau. Ta hanyar ci gaba da ƙoƙarin, an haɓaka hanyoyi da yawa, gami da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun yanki da tallatawa, gyare-gyaren lantarki, da ƙira mai rarrabawa. Duk da haka, waɗannan hanyoyin suna da alama sun fi mai da hankali kan murkushe jigilar polysulfide da haɓaka ƙimar amfani da cathode na sulfur, ba tare da hana ci gaban dendrite kai tsaye a cikin ƙarfen ƙarfe na lithium ba. Ayyukan batirin lithium{9} sulfur ya dogara da kariyar ƙarancin ƙarfe na lithium. Tasirin haɗin kai na hanyoyin hana ci gaban dendrite iri-iri na iya hanzarta aiwatar da aikace-aikacen batirin sulfur na lithium{11}.
Lithium baturi {{0} oxygen nau'in baturi ne da ke amfani da iskar oxygen daga iska a matsayin tabbataccen lantarki; Wani lokaci ana kiran su lithium baturin iska. Matsakaicin ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin batirin lithium{3}} oxygen ya kai 3500 Wh/kg, wanda ya zarce na batirin lithium na kasuwanci{5}}. Don haka, batirin lithium{7} oxygen sun zama ci gaba na juyin juya hali a fagen ajiyar makamashi, yana jan hankalin duniya kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mai ƙarfi a cikin tsarin ajiyar makamashi na gaba{8}.
Kama da polysulfide matsakaici, oxygen giciye {{0}hadawa daga tabbatacce electrode zuwa lithium karfe korau electrode a lithium{1}batura oxygen iya haifar da sannu a hankali lalacewa na lithium karfe surface, haifar da electrolyte bazuwar da samuwar LiOH da LiCO3 yayin caji. Don haka, an ƙirƙiri dabaru da yawa don murkushe giciyen iskar oxygen{4}} haɗin gwiwa. Bayan ingantacciyar matsala ta lantarki, raguwar lithium da ke haifar da haɓakar dendrite da lalacewar fim ɗin wucewa yana hana yin amfani da ƙarfe na lithium a cikin batirin lithium mai caji. Dabarun da aka ambata don murkushe haɓakar lithium dendrite suma suna aiki da batirin lithium{8}} Ta hanyar abubuwan da suka hada da electrolyte, gyare-gyaren raba, da ƙirar lantarki mara kyau, ana iya inganta aikin batir lithium sosai.