Fasahar ajiya ta thermal

Thermal makamashi, a matsayin daya daga cikin muhimman hanyoyin samar da makamashin da bil'adama ke amfani da shi, an kasafta shi ne zuwa kashi uku bisa ka'idojin aikinsa: ma'ajin zafi mai ma'ana, latent thermal (canjin lokaci) ma'ajiyar zafi, da ma'ajiyar zafi na thermal. Yana da kashi 40% zuwa 50% na yawan kuzarin ƙarshe, kuma aikace-aikacen sa suna da faɗi sosai{3}. A cikin tsarin haɓaka makamashi na yanzu da tsarin amfani, kusan dukkanin hanyoyin canza makamashi sun haɗa da makamashin zafi. Koyaya, saboda asarar makamashi da babu makawa a yayin canjin makamashi, ba a cika yin amfani da fasahar adana zafin jiki kai tsaye ga ma'ajiyar makamashin lantarki ba (watau yanayi inda shigarwa da fitarwa duka makamashin lantarki ne). Madadin haka, ana amfani da shi sau da yawa azaman hanyar haɗi a cikin sarkar juyawa makamashi ko kuma kawai a yi amfani da shi zuwa tsarin thermal.

Ma'ajiyar zafi mai ma'ana

Fasahar adana zafi mai ma'ana hanya ce ta adanawa da sakewa zafi ta amfani da canje-canje a yanayin zafin abu. Tsarin aikinsa yana da sauƙin sauƙi: ana samun ajiyar zafi ko saki ta hanyar dumama ko sanyaya matsakaici. A lokacin wannan tsari, matsakaici ba ya jujjuya canjin sinadarai ko canjin lokaci, yana mai da tsarin gabaɗaya cikin sauƙin sarrafawa da aiki a tsaye. Bugu da ƙari, akwai nau'ikan irin waɗannan kayan ajiyar zafi da yawa ana samun su akan farashi mai arha, yana sa su dace da manyan aikace-aikace-. Wannan fasaha ba kawai balagagge ba ce amma kuma tana nuna faffadan yuwuwar aikace-aikace a fagage da yawa. Koyaya, ma'ajin zafi mai ma'ana kuma yana fuskantar wasu ƙalubale, kamar ƙarancin ƙarfin ƙarfi, girman kayan aiki, babban hasarar zafi yayin ajiyar lokaci mai tsawo{6}, da zafin fitarwa mara ƙarfi. Za a iya rarraba kafofin watsa labarai masu ma'ana mai ma'ana mai zafi zuwa rukuni biyu: ruwa da ƙarfi. Kayayyakin ajiyar zafi na ruwa gama gari sun haɗa da ruwa, mai mai zafi, narkakken gishiri, da ƙarfe na ruwa. Daga cikin waɗannan, ruwa, saboda kyakkyawan aminci da kwanciyar hankali, da kuma gaskiyar cewa yawan zafin jiki na ajiyar zafi ba ya wuce digiri 100, ana amfani dashi sosai a cikin tsarin dumama ruwan rana da dumama sararin samaniya. An yi amfani da mai na thermal, tare da kyakkyawan yanayin zafin zafi da kewayon zafin aiki, a farkon matsakaici{12}} da manyan aikace-aikacen ajiyar makamashi na zafin zafi; duk da haka, ƙimarsu mai yawa, ƙonawa, da yuwuwar haɗarin matsa lamba a cikin rufaffiyar tsarin madauki ya haifar da maye gurbinsu a hankali da wasu zaɓuɓɓuka masu kyau. Sabanin haka, narkakkar gishiri, tare da ƙarancin matsatsin tururi, ƙarancin ɗanƙoƙi, babban zafin zafi, rashin ƙonewa, da rashin guba, suna yin kyau sosai a yanayin yanayin da ya dace da ma'aunin tururi na yau da kullun kuma ba su da tsada, yana mai da su a matsayin kyakkyawan zaɓi don canza yanayin zafin rana. Koyaya, a matsanancin yanayin yanayin yanayi, narkakkar gishiri na iya lalata bututun mai da kayan aikin da ke da alaƙa, yana buƙatar ƙarin bincike da haɓaka ƙarfinsu da juriyar zafi tare da bakin karfe. Ƙarfe-ƙarfa na ruwa, saboda ƙaƙƙarfan ƙarfin ƙarfin zafin su, ana la'akari da yuwuwar matsakaicin ma'ajiya mai zafi (fiye da digiri 600); duk da haka, idan aka ba da kaddarorin sinadaran da suke da ƙarfi sosai, ana buƙatar ƙarin matakan tsaro don tabbatar da aiki na yau da kullun, kuma tsadar su yana kiyaye su a farkon matakan bincike.

Kayan ma'ajiyar daɗaɗɗen zafin jiki na gama gari sun haɗa da siminti, dutsen, da bulo-bulo. Idan aka kwatanta da kayan ajiya mai zafi na ruwa, ƙaƙƙarfan kayan ajiyar zafi na iya aiki a yanayin zafi mafi girma da kuma adana ƙarin zafi a cikin sarari ɗaya, wanda ke nufin raguwar adadin kayan da ake buƙata da raguwar farashin gabaɗaya.

Zafin latent (canjin lokaci) ajiyar zafi

Canjin zamani fasahar ajiyar makamashin zafi ta dogara da farko akan zafi mai ɓoye a matsayin babban nau'in ajiyar makamashi. Wannan fasaha tana amfani da sha ko sakin dumbin zafi na ɓoye yayin canjin lokaci don adana zafi. Yayin wannan tsari, zafin kayan ya kasance kusan akai. Wannan fasahar ajiyar makamashi ta thermal yana da fa'idodi masu mahimmanci kamar ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfi da ƙaramin ƙara.

Hanyar da kwayoyin halitta ke canzawa daga wannan jiha zuwa waccan ana kiranta canjin lokaci. Yawanci, wannan canjin yana faruwa a ƙarƙashin isothermal ko kusa da{1} yanayin isothermal kuma yana tare da gagarumin canjin kuzari{2}} sha ko sakin babban adadin zafi. An ayyana wannan makamashi azaman latent zafi na canjin lokaci. Musamman ma, latent zafi da ke cikin tsaka-tsakin lokaci na yawancin kayan ya fi girma fiye da na zafi mai ma'ana. Alal misali, ruwa yana da ƙayyadaddun ƙarfin zafi na kimanin 4.2 kJ / kg · digiri , kuma a lokacin sauyawa daga wani m zuwa ruwa jihar (kankara narkewa cikin ruwa), ruwa zai iya sha 355 kJ / kg na makamashi a matsayin latent zafi na lokaci mika mulki. Saboda haka, dangane da yawan kuzari, yin amfani da latent zafi na canji lokaci ya fi mahimmanci fiye da hanyoyin da suka dogara kawai da zafi mai ma'ana.

Matsalolin kwayoyin halitta sun haɗa da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in halittar nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in juzu'in) sun haɗa da: m{0}} ƙarfi, ƙarfi{1}ruwa, daskararru{2}}gas, da ruwa-gas. Ko da yake m{5}}gas da ruwa{6} canje-canje na iskar gas suna da ƙimar zafi mai zurfi, manyan canje-canjen girma a waɗannan lokuta yana ƙara wahalar aiki mai amfani, don haka yana iyakance aikace-aikacen su. Sabanin haka, ƙaƙƙarfan sauye-sauyen lokaci mai ƙarfi, waɗanda ke faruwa lokacin da ƙaƙƙarfan abu ya canza daga yanayin crystal zuwa wani, yana nuna ƙarami na sauye-sauyen girma da ƙarancin sanyi, amma zafin da ake fitarwa ko shayarwa gabaɗaya yana ƙasa da sauran matakan canjin lokaci. A cikin ƙayyadaddun canje-canjen lokaci na ruwa, kwayoyin halitta suna canzawa daga m zuwa yanayin ruwa. Ko da yake wannan tsari yana buƙatar takamaiman akwati don ɗaukar ruwan, canjin ƙarar ya fi ƙanƙanta da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙayyadaddun iskar gas da ruwa{13}}gas, kuma latent zafin da ke tattare da shi ya fi girma fiye da ƙaƙƙarfan sauye-sauyen lokaci. Ganin waɗannan halayen, a halin yanzu ana ɗaukar ƙaƙƙarfan sauye-sauyen lokaci na ruwa mafi inganci kuma mafi fa'ida ta hanyar adana zafin rana.

A halin yanzu, akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan kayan da aka yi amfani da su wajen fasahar adana zafi na canjin lokaci, galibi sun kasu kashi biyu bisa tsarin sinadaransu: Organic da inorganic. Kayayyakin canjin zamani sun haɗa da abubuwa kamar paraffin wax, barasa, da fatty acid; yayin da inorganic lokaci canji kayan ana wakilta ta crystalline hydrated salts, narkakkar gishiri, da karafa ko su gami. Gabaɗaya magana, kayan canjin zamani sun fi dacewa da ajiyar makamashi na thermal a ƙasan ƙasa zuwa matsakaicin zafin jiki, yayin da kayan canjin lokaci na inorganic ke nuna mafi kyawun aikin ajiyar makamashi na thermal a ƙarƙashin matsakaici zuwa yanayin zafi mai girma.

Thermochemical thermal ajiya

Fasahar adana makamashi ta thermochemical tana alfahari da yawan ƙarfin kuzari a kowace juzu'in naúrar, yana kaiwa ga tsari na GJ/m³. Idan aka kwatanta, ƙarfin ƙarfin ma'ajiyar zafi mai ma'ana kusan ɗaya ne kawai - na kayan ma'ajiyar zafi da ke ɓoye rabin. Bugu da ƙari, ta hanyar keɓance masu amsawa, wannan fasaha na iya samun sifili{3}}asarar ma'ajiyar makamashi ta zafin jiki a cikin ɗaki, don haka ana ɗaukan ko'ina ɗaya daga cikin fasahohin da suka fi dacewa don ma'auni da dogon lokaci{5} ajiyar makamashin thermal. Dangane da sauye-sauyen haɗin gwiwar sinadarai daban-daban da ke cikin tsarin ajiyar makamashi, ana iya ƙara yawan ajiyar makamashin thermal na thermochemical zuwa manyan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan za a iya adana su: ajiyar makamashin thermal da kemikal.

Ma'ajiyar zafin jiki na Chemisorption ya dace musamman don aikace-aikace a cikin ƙananan yanayin zafi.{0}. Ya dogara ne akan samuwar da karyawar rundunonin kwayoyin halitta na zahiri ko sunadarai (kamar sojojin van der Waals, sojojin lantarki, da haɗin gwiwar hydrogen) tsakanin ingantattun adsorbents da gas na gas don cimma ajiyar zafi da saki. Wannan fasaha ta ƙunshi nau'i biyu na tsarin: ɗaya shine tsarin gishiri mai ruwa ta hanyar amfani da tururin ruwa a matsayin adsorbate; ɗayan shine tsarin hadaddun ammonia ta amfani da kwayoyin ammonia azaman adsorbate. Tebu na 1-2 yana nuna takamaiman nau'ikan, ajiyar zafi/saki yanayin zafi, da yawan ma'aunin makamashi na kayan ma'ajiyar zafin jiki da ake amfani da su da yawa.

Tebur 1-2 Abubuwan Abubuwan Adadin Sinadarai da Akafi Amfani da su na Kayayyakin Ma'ajiya Mai zafi:

Ana amfani da ma'ajin kuzarin sinadarai na thermal makamashi musamman a ƙarƙashin matsakaici{0}} da kuma matsanancin yanayin zafi{1}, kuma tsarin sa daban-daban, gami da gyaran methane, haɗin ammonia da bazuwar, ƙarfe hydrides, carbonates, ƙarfe oxides, da ƙarfe hydroxides. Wadannan hanyoyin suna samun damar adanawa da sakin makamashin thermal ta hanyar wargajewa da sake haɗa haɗin sinadarai. Wannan nau'in ajiyar makamashi yana da manyan ƙimar amsawa, ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfi, da kewayon zafin aiki mai faɗi. Koyaya, a aikace-aikace masu amfani, ƙalubalen sun kasance, gami da sarrafa farashi, lalata kayan, da ajiyar iskar gas. Don haka, ya zama dole a gudanar da bincike mai zurfi a - akan hanyoyin da suka dace da kuma inganta tsarin tafiyar da aiki don inganta aikin gaba ɗaya.

Tsarukan ajiyar makamashi na thermochemical suna da sarƙaƙƙiyar tsari da na'urori masu yawa masu yawa, wanda ke haifar da tsadar saka hannun jari na farko. A halin yanzu, ba a yi amfani da cikakken ƙarfin ƙarfin su{1} a kowace juzu'i ba. Bugu da ƙari kuma, saboda sarƙaƙƙiyar ingantattun hanyoyin sarrafa sinadarai, madaidaicin kula da ƙimar amsawa yana da ƙalubale, kuma wasu matakan amsawa suna da ƙaƙƙarfan buƙatun aminci, ƙara haɓaka ingantaccen tsarin gaba ɗaya. Don haka, ana buƙatar ci gaba a cikin-zurfin bincike kan fasahar adana makamashin zafin jiki na thermochemical don magance waɗannan batutuwa.