A lithium -batirbaturi ne mai caji wanda ke amfani da abubuwa guda biyu masu iya jujjuyawar sakawa da kuma daidaita ion lithium a matsayin ingantattun wayoyin lantarki da marasa kyau, bi da bi. Yayin caji, zarra na lithium a cikin ingantacciyar lantarki suna ionize zuwa ion lithium da electrons kyauta.
Wadannan ions lithium sai su yi ƙaura zuwa gurɓataccen lantarki kuma su haɗa da electrons kyauta a can don samar da kwayoyin lithium. Sabanin haka, yayin fitarwa, kwayoyin lithium a cikin mummunan electrode suna sake yin reion zuwa ions lithium da electrons kyauta, sannan su sake haɗuwa a ingantaccen lantarki don sake samar da kwayoyin lithium. Don haka, a duk tsawon lokacin zagayowar zagayowar, lithium koyaushe yana kasancewa cikin sigar ionic kuma baya cikin sigar lithium mai ƙarfe, shi ya sa ake kiran irin wannan batirin baturi lithium{3}}. Dangane da ƙira daban-daban, mafi yawan baturan lithium{5} ion akan kasuwa sune sel jakunkuna, sel cylindrical, da maɓalli. Ingantattun kayan lantarki na batirin lithium - ion yawanci shine sinadarin lithium{8} wadataccen fili, kamar LiCoO2, LiFePO4, LiNiO, da LiMnzO2. Mummunan kayan lantarki na lithium{12}} batirin ion yawanci sun dogara ne akan graphite. Game da electrolyte, mafita na takamaiman gishirin lithium (kamar LiPF6, LiASF6, da LiCIO4) waɗanda aka narkar da su a cikin kaushi na halitta gabaɗaya ana amfani da su. Waɗannan abubuwan kaushi na halitta na iya zama ethylene carbonate (EC) ko diethyl carbonate (DEC), da sauransu. Lokacin da baturi ke cikin caji{19}} zagayowar zagayowar, ion lithium suna yin ƙaura da baya tsakanin ingantattun na'urorin lantarki da marasa kyau. An kwatanta wannan tsari a alamance a matsayin "batir kujera mai girgiza," kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin zanen da ke ƙasa.
Ɗaukar lithium - batura masu lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) a matsayin tabbataccen electrode da graphite a matsayin mummunan electrode a matsayin misali, furcinsa na electrochemical shine: ({2}}) CI LiPF(EC+ DEC) / LiCoO2(+).
Kyakkyawan halayen lantarki:
Rashin amsawar lantarki: 5.2
Gabaɗaya martani: 5.3
Mahimmanci, ana iya kallon baturin lithium{0}ion azaman na'urar da ke aiki bisa bambance-bambancen tattarawar lithium{1} ion. Yayin caji, ana fitar da ions lithium daga ingantaccen kayan lantarki, su ratsa ta cikin electrolyte, kuma a shigar da su cikin abubuwan da ba su da kyau, suna sanya lithium mara kyaun wutar lantarki{3}} wadatar yayin da ingantaccen lantarki yana da ƙarancin lithium{4}} matalauta. A lokaci guda, don kiyaye ma'auni na cajin tsarin gaba ɗaya, ana ba da na'urorin lantarki masu dacewa ga carbon -madaidaicin lantarki ta hanyar da'ira ta waje. Sabanin haka, yayin fitarwa, ions lithium suna yin ƙaura daga mummunan electrode zuwa tabbataccen lantarki, yana haifar da ingantaccen lantarki ya zama mai wadatar lithium{8}. A al'ada, yayin zagayowar caji na al'ada{10}, ions lithium akai-akai suna haɗawa da fitar da su tsakanin kayan da aka yi da sinadarai na carbon da oxides. Wannan tsari da farko yana bayyana azaman canje-canje a cikin tazarar interlayer kuma baya rushe ainihin tsarin kristal na kayan. Don haka, ta fuskar jujjuyawar amsawa, sinadarai suna canzawa a cikin baturin lithium{13}} ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin kyakkyawan tsari mai jujjuyawa. Batirin lithium{15} ion yana ƙunshe da asali abubuwa guda huɗu: electrodes, electrolyte, separator, da casing. Wutar lantarki sune ainihin abubuwan baturin lithium ion, wanda ya ƙunshi kayan aiki, wakilai, masu ɗaure, da masu tarawa na yanzu. Kayan aiki (ko kayan lantarki) sune kayan lantarki a cikin batir lithium{19} ion waɗanda ke sakin makamashin lantarki ta hanyar halayen lantarki yayin caji da fitarwa. Suna ƙayyade aikin sinadarai na lantarki da ainihin halayen batirin lithium{21}}. Abubuwan da ke aiki sun haɗa da kayan lantarki masu inganci da kayan lantarki mara kyau. Ingantattun kayan lantarki sune galibin abubuwan haɗin ƙarfe da aka haɗa tare da ingantattun ma'auni (dangane da na'urorin lantarki na lithium), kamar LiCoO₂, LiMnO₄, LiNi₁-x-Co:MnyO₂, LiCo:Ni{26}O₂, da LiFe
Kayan lantarki mara kyau sun haɗa da kayan carbon, kayan gami, da kayan ƙarfe oxide. A halin yanzu, manyan ma'auni masu inganci da mara kyau na batir lithium{1}ion da ake amfani da su sosai a cikin na'urori masu ɗaukar nauyi sune LiCoO₂ da graphite, bi da bi. Bugu da kari, yawanci ana ƙara abubuwa masu ɗaukuwa (kamar acetylene baki) yayin ƙirƙira na'urar lantarki don haɓaka haɓakar kayan lantarki masu inganci da mara kyau don mafi kyawun biyan buƙatun aikace-aikacen batirin lithium{3}}. Don tabbatar da granular tabbatacce da korau kayan lantarki da jami'an gudanarwa suna manne da mai tarawa na yanzu, yawanci ana ƙara ɗaure. Ana rarraba mahaɗa gama gari azaman tushen mai{6}} da ruwa{7}}. Man [{9}}masu ɗauren mai galibi sun haɗa da polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) da polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), yayin da tushen ruwa{10}masu ɗaure mafi yawan carboxymethyl cellulose/styrene{11}}butadiene rubber (CMC/SBR). Babban aikin mai tarawa na yanzu shine don gudanar da electrons daga kayan aiki mai aiki da rarraba na yanzu a ko'ina, yayin da kuma tallafawa kayan aiki. Ana buƙatar gabaɗaya masu tara na yanzu don samun ƙarfin injina, ingantaccen kwanciyar hankali, da babban ƙarfin aiki. Mai tarawa na yanzu don ingantaccen lantarki shine foil na aluminum, kuma mai tarawa na yanzu don mummunan lantarki shine foil na jan karfe.
Matsayin electrolyte shine gudanar da ions lithium tsakanin ingantattun na'urori masu kyau da mara kyau. Zaɓin electrolyte ya fi ƙayyadad da ƙa'idodin aikin baturi kuma yana shafar takamaiman ƙarfinsa, aikin aminci, aikin sake zagayowar, aikin ƙima, ƙarancin aikin zafi, da aikin ajiya. A halin yanzu, batir lithium na kasuwanci{3} ion batura galibi suna amfani da tsarin lantarki marasa ruwa, waɗanda suka haɗa da kaushi mai ƙarfi da gishirin lithium. Maganin kwayoyin halitta shine babban bangaren electrolyte kuma yana da alaƙa da aikin sa; yawanci cakuɗe ne na kaushi na halitta kamar ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, da methyl ethyl carbonate. Gishirin lithium mai gudanarwa yana samar da ions lithium waɗanda ake jigilar su tsakanin ingantattun na'urorin lantarki da mara kyau kuma sun ƙunshi inorganic ko kwayoyin halitta da ions lithium. A halin yanzu, babban gishirin lithium mai sarrafa kayan kasuwanci shine LiPF6. A cikin sabon zamani, don inganta aikin batirin lithium{9}} da kuma cimma wasu ayyuka na musamman, ana ƙara abubuwan da ke aiki, irin su masu kare wuta, a cikin electrolyte.
A cikin ƙirar batirin lithium{0} ion, mai raba wuta yana tsakanin ingantattun na'urori masu kyau da marasa kyau, kuma babban aikinsa shine hana hulɗa kai tsaye tsakanin wayoyin biyu, don haka guje wa gajeriyar kewayawa. A lokaci guda, ƙayyadaddun tsarin microporous na wannan abu yana ba da damar ions lithium su wuce ta cikin yardar kaina. Mai rarrabawa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ƙarfin ajiyar baturi, rayuwar sake zagayowar, da aminci gaba ɗaya; don haka, yin amfani da babban mai raba inganci mai inganci na iya inganta aikin baturin gabaɗaya. A halin yanzu, nau'ikan masu rarrabawa da aka fi amfani da su a kasuwa sune manyan fina-finai{5} masu ƙarfi da aka yi da polyolefins, gami da samfuran ƙura da aka yi da polypropylene da polyethylene, da kuma samfuran da aka ƙera ta hanyar copolymerization na propylene da ethylene ko ta amfani da polyethylene homopolymer kadai. Amfani da abubuwan da ba na ruwa ba a cikin batirin lithium - ion yana haifar da ƙarancin lithium - ion conductivity, don haka yana buƙatar babban yanki na lantarki. Bugu da ƙari, yin amfani da tsarin rauni a lokacin hada baturi yana nufin cewa aikin baturi ya dogara ba kawai ga na'urorin lantarki da kansu ba har ma da na'urorin da ake amfani da su wajen kera baturi. Waɗannan masu ɗaure dole ne su tabbatar da daidaito da amincin kayan aiki yayin ƙirƙira na lantarki, yadda ya kamata su haɗa kayan aiki ga mai tarawa na yanzu, sauƙaƙe ƙirƙirar fim ɗin SEI mai tsaro (m{13}} clecttrolyte interphase) akan graphite anode, kula da isasshen kwanciyar hankali yayin bushewa, kuma za a jika sosai ta hanyar lantarki.
Rubutun waje shine kwandon batirin lithium{0}ion. Cass ɗin da aka saba amfani da su sun haɗa da kwandon ƙarfe, cakuɗen aluminium, da aluminium - robo mai haɗaɗɗun robo. Yawanci, ana buƙatar casing don jure canje-canje a cikin babban zafi da ƙarancin zafi da lalata daga electrolyte.