Ƙa'idar aiki na batir ajiyar makamashi
Anbaturin ajiyar makamashina'ura ce da ke jujjuyawa da adana makamashi tsakanin makamashin lantarki da makamashin sinadarai. Lokacin fitarwa, makamashin sinadarai yana canzawa kai tsaye zuwa makamashin lantarki; yayin caji, ana mayar da wutar lantarki zuwa makamashin sinadarai don ajiya. Na'urorin lantarki masu inganci da mara kyau a cikin baturin an yi su ne da abubuwa daban-daban. Lokacin da aka saka electrolyte iri ɗaya, duka na'urorin za su kafa nasu ƙarfin lantarki, kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar ABCD da aka karye a cikin hoto na 1-4 (sarari tsakanin layin da aka tsinke da na'urorin lantarki na wakiltar kafa biyu na lantarki). Bambancin yuwuwar yuwuwar wutar lantarki tsakanin ingantattun lantarki da mara kyau ya ƙunshi ƙarfin lantarki na baturi (EMF) E.
Hoto 14 Tsarin tsari na ka'idar aiki na baturin ajiyar makamashi
Lokacin da na'urori masu inganci da korau suna haɗa su zuwa nauyin waje, ingantaccen kayan lantarki yana samun electrons kuma yana fuskantar raguwar ragi, yana haifar da polarization na cathodic, don haka yana rage ƙarfin lantarki mai kyau; abu mara kyau na lantarki yana rasa electrons kuma yana jure yanayin yanayin iskar shaka, yana samar da polarization na anodic, don haka yana haɓaka yuwuwar wutar lantarki mara kyau. Don kewayen waje, electrons suna gudana daga madaidaicin lantarki zuwa na'urar lantarki mai kyau, saboda haka jagorancin halin yanzu yana daga ingantacciyar wutar lantarki zuwa wutar lantarki mara kyau. A cikin lantarki, canja wurin caji yana faruwa ta hanyar motsi na ion, don haka jagorancin halin yanzu a cikin da'irar na ciki yana daga mummunan lantarki zuwa na'urar lantarki mai kyau. A cikin yanayin fitarwa, yuwuwar rarraba baturi ana nuna shi ta layukan da suka karye A'B'C'D' a hoto 1{5}}4. Dukkanin tsarin yana samar da cikakkiyar madauki mai rufaffiyar, yana ba da damar iskar oxygen da rage halayen a cikin na'urori don ci gaba da ci gaba, don haka tabbatar da ci gaba da gudana a cikin rufaffiyar madauki. Lokacin da baturi ke aiki, halayen electrochemical da ke haifar da makamashin lantarki a cikin electrodes ana kiran su da halayen haɓaka, kuma abubuwan da ke shiga cikin waɗannan halayen ana kiran su kayan aiki.
Tsarin cajin baturi shine ainihin abin da ya faru da tsarin cajinsa. A lokacin caji, iskar shaka yana faruwa a ingantaccen lantarki, yayin da raguwa ke faruwa a mummunan lantarki; a lokaci guda, hanyar ƙaura na ions a cikin electrolyte ya saba wa waccan yayin fitarwa, kuma tushen wutar lantarki na waje wanda ya wuce buɗaɗɗen baturi - ana buƙatar ƙarfin wutar lantarki don fitar da wannan tsarin jujjuya sinadarai, kamar yadda aka nuna ta layukan da suka karye A"B"C"D a Hoto na 1-4.
Don sauƙaƙe jujjuyawar makamashin sinadarai kai tsaye zuwa makamashin lantarki, tsarin redox da ke faruwa a cikin baturin ajiyar makamashi ya bambanta da gaske da halayen redox na al'ada. A cikin baturi, dole ne a raba hanyoyin rasa electrons (oxidation) da samun electrons (raguwa) zuwa yankuna daban-daban. Bugu da ƙari, dole ne electrons su gudana ta hanyar da'ira ta waje lokacin da abubuwan da ke aiki suka shiga cikin abin da ya faru. Wadannan mahimman abubuwa guda biyu sun bambanta tsarin gyarawa a cikin baturi daga daidaitattun halayen sinadarai na redox da micro{3}}halayen tantanin halitta a cikin al'amuran lalata na lantarki.
Haɗin batirin ajiyar makamashi
Babban baturin ajiyar makamashi ya kamata ya ƙunshi abubuwa masu mahimmanci guda huɗu: na'urorin lantarki, electrolyte, separator, da cakin baturi.
lantarki
Electrodes, a matsayin mahimman abubuwan haɗin baturi, an raba su zuwa na'urorin lantarki masu inganci da mara kyau, galibi sun ƙunshi kayan aiki da tsarin gudanarwa. Daga cikin su, kayan aiki masu aiki suna samar da makamashin lantarki ta hanyar halayen sinadarai yayin fitar da baturi, kuma su ne babban abin da ke tabbatar da aikin baturi. Abubuwan da ke aiki galibi suna da ƙarfi, amma kuma suna iya wanzuwa azaman ruwa ko gas.
Abubuwan da ke aiki suna da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan aikin baturi gabaɗaya, sabili da haka gabaɗaya suna da buƙatun aiki masu zuwa: ① Kayan lantarki mai inganci yakamata ya sami babban ƙarfi, yayin da kayan lantarki mara kyau yana buƙatar kula da ƙananan yuwuwar, don tabbatar da cewa baturi zai iya haifar da babban ƙarfin lantarki; ② Abubuwan da ke aiki dole ne su sami kyakkyawar amsawar electrochemical, wato, ya kamata su shiga cikin sauƙin aiwatar da redox; ③ Abubuwan da ke aiki suna buƙatar samun takamaiman iya aiki ta nauyi da girma; ④ Abubuwan da ke aiki suna buƙatar samun ingantacciyar kwanciyar hankali na sinadarai a cikin mafita na electrolyte, kuma ƙimar rushewar kai{0} yakamata ya zama ƙasa kaɗan gwargwadon yiwuwa; ⑤ Abubuwan da ke aiki ya kamata su sami ƙarfin lantarki mai girma; ⑥ Daga ra'ayi na tattalin arziki da ci gaba mai dorewa, kayan aiki masu dacewa ya kamata su kasance albarkatun da ke da yawa da kuma maras tsada a Duniya; ⑦ Kayan aiki kuma ya kamata su kasance marasa lahani ga lafiyar ɗan adam da yanayin yanayi.
Haɗu da duk ƙa'idodin da ke sama don takamaiman kayan aiki yana da ƙalubale sosai; don haka, cikakken la'akari yana da mahimmanci lokacin zabar abu mai aiki. A halin yanzu, abubuwan da aka fi amfani da su na cathode sune karfe oxides, kamar gubar dioxide, manganese dioxide, da nickel oxide, da kuma iskar oxygen daga iska. Don kayan anode, an fi son nau'ikan nau'ikan ƙarfe masu amsa sinadarai, kamar su zinc, gubar, cadmium, baƙin ƙarfe, lithium, da sodium.
Ayyukan tsarin gudanarwa shine haɗa kayan aiki mai aiki zuwa waje na waje kuma tabbatar da daidaitattun rarrabawar yanzu. Hakanan yana goyan bayan kayan aiki. Kyakkyawan tsarin gudanarwa yakamata ya mallaki ingantaccen ƙarfin injina, babban kwanciyar hankali na sinadarai, ƙarancin juriya, da kyakkyawan aiki.
electrolytes
Babban aikin na'urar lantarki shine tabbatar da ingantaccen aikin ion tsakanin ingantattun na'urori masu kyau da mara kyau, suna aiwatar da aikin jigilar ion. A wasu lokuta, yana iya shiga cikin halayen electrochemical. Don electrolyte da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin baturi, aikin sa ya kamata ya dace da buƙatun masu zuwa: ① Ya kamata ya mallaki kwanciyar hankali mai kyau don hana gagarumin halayen electrolyte a cikin mahaɗin tsakanin electrolyte da kayan aiki yayin ajiya, ta haka ne ya rage yawan baturi - fitarwa; ② Ya kamata ya kasance yana da ƙarfin ƙarfin lantarki. Abubuwan da ke tattare da lantarki sun bambanta tsakanin nau'ikan batura daban-daban, kuma yawanci, mafita mai ruwa-ruwa na acid, alkalis, ko salts tare da kyakyawan aiki mai kyau ana zaɓar su azaman electrolyte. Koyaya, wasu sabbin fasahohin wutar lantarki na iya amfani da sabbin kayan aikin kamar su Organic ƙarfi electrolytes, narkakkar gishiri electrolytes, ko m electrolytes.
kaɗaici
Ana sanya mai raba, wanda kuma aka sani da membrane ko partition, tsakanin ingantattun na'urorin lantarki na baturi. Babban aikinsa shine hana hulɗa kai tsaye tsakanin na'urorin lantarki, wanda zai iya haifar da gajeriyar kewayawa. Abubuwan buƙatun aiki na asali don masu rarraba sun haɗa da: ① kasancewa insulator mai kyau na lantarki don hana gajerun hanyoyin ciki; ② yana da ƙarancin juriya ga ƙaura ion a cikin electrolyte, ta haka rage juriya na ciki na na'urar gabaɗaya kuma yana rage yawan asarar makamashi a ƙarƙashin manyan yanayin fitarwa na yanzu; ③ mallakan ingantaccen kwanciyar hankali na sinadarai, jure wa lalatawar electrolyte da redox halayen kayan aiki na lantarki; ④ samun isasshen ƙarfin injina da juriya mai lanƙwasawa don toshe haɓakar dendrite yadda ya kamata da hana ƙananan ƙwayoyin aiki daga shiga cikin membrane;
Kayan raba kayan yau da kullun sun haɗa da takarda auduga, takarda ɓangaren litattafan almara, robobi microporous, roba microporous, hydrated cellulose, nailan zane, da gilashin fiber, da dai sauransu.
Rukunin baturi
Cajin baturi, wanda kuma aka sani da kwandon baturi, shine kawai nau'in baturi a cikin batura masu ajiyar makamashi da ake da su inda zinc electrode kuma ke aiki a matsayin casing. Sabanin haka, sauran nau'ikan baturi kan yi amfani da takamaiman kayan don ɗaukar hoto na waje maimakon kayan aiki da kansa. Madaidaicin kwandon baturi yakamata ya mallaki ingantattun kaddarorin injina, jure rawar jiki da girgiza, tsaya tsayin daka a karkashin matsanancin yanayin zafin jiki, da kuma tsayayya da lalata daga electrolyte. A aikace, kayan kamar karafa, robobi, da roba mai wuya ana amfani da su sosai azaman rumbun batir saboda fa'idodin su.